Genetics and the Future :: Science Biology Genes Essays Papers

Rows upon rows of perfect people walk in straight lines. All have the same hair, eye, and grate color. They all resemble each other. The environment round them is lifeless the lack of trees and living animals is awkwardly noticeable. Overhead a flying automobile soars past and swerves around enormous skyscrapers. All this was accomplished through both science and technology. Is this a farfetched notion of the future? Can science and technology really spend a penny a society like this? How will it affect our lives here in the Valley and in the world around us? light has always been with us. Science is the observation of the problems of the world around us, and the experimentation to find solutions to these problems. It was science that allowed primitive man to wonder about his origins, his creator and the world around him. If we look at the role of science in the human race we see that it has allowed for the unified progression of all. In the beginning primitive man reli ed heavily on individualized beliefs of both good and bad spirits and that of a Supreme Being. Later beliefs became more complex and religion was a vital part of everyones life. The powerfulness to think differently grew due to increase advancement in science and technology during the Renaissance period. The freedom of thought and proposal of ideas by philosophers provided for exchanging and creation of versatile ideas. It was in that type of environment that ideas such as that of Darwins Origins of Species were proposed. In modern times when people hear of genetics images of cars overturned by dinosaurs departed mad, from the famous motion picture Jurassic Park, and of the cloned sheep Dolly prancing around in the prairie come to mind. The genetic revolution in particular gives us all an rose-colored future to the world in which we are living in today. The genetic revolution will give a different facet to medicine, agriculture, and society as a whole. The genetic revolut ion will help health professionals provide a different type of care for their patients. The genetic revolution offers enormous promises for those sufferings continuing diseases. Research laboratories around the world are busily sequencing, identifying, and switching genes among different species. Genetic engineering techniques promise cures for various diseases such as cystic fibrosis and kidney disease.

Review of Behind the Arch: The Truth about Drinking at BVU :: College Drinking Essays

polish up of Behind the Arch The Truth about inebriation at BVUBehind the Arch The Truth About Drinking at BVU, by Chris Allen, Alisa Dixson, Jennifer Durham, Shelley Katzer, Max Kenkel, Teri Kramer, toby Malavong, and Courtney Weller, is a hold up about drinking at Buena shot University. It was written because the University of Illinois did a survey on colleges rough the county about their drinking habits. When some BVU students contain it, some did non think it was accurate, so, they did their own look into and got some of their own statistics. By the opinion of the students, the information they fix was more accurate than what the University of Illinois found. This phonograph recording had umpteen things wrong with it. There were many problems with the writing styles and the research in my opinion. It was too long and too detailed, especially with the insignificant ideas in, which should not lay down been in it, such as the explanation of our campus, an insignifican t detail. There was not a good comparison in the national average, Buena Vista University is a small campus in a small town, not similar to, say, the University of Missouri with a large student population and in the city of Columbia. The research was not well done and was unbalanced. This word of honor was about the drinking at BVU found from the survey, not when some of the professors were attending. The book did look at some good points. It did have good statistics and were accurate for out campus. I believe that most of the students on campus do drink, but not to get drunk such as the book stated. The personal experiences were well written also. The book does give a bit of reflection on when drinking was not a large problem on campus, but it is insignificant. This book also did do a good job of what is being done on campus to stop the drinking. We now have midnight basketball, and volleyball, and alternative joyful hour so the students have something some other to do than dri nk or go to the bar. Many things could have been changed in the book. It was too long. They went off subject with the September, 11 2001 terrorists attacks, that are not significant and look off topic, and made the book last too long. If they had not strayed off the path of where the book was going it would have been shorter and probably kept my interest more, not making me want to sleep.Review of Behind the Arch The Truth about Drinking at BVU College Drinking EssaysReview of Behind the Arch The Truth about Drinking at BVUBehind the Arch The Truth About Drinking at BVU, by Chris Allen, Alisa Dixson, Jennifer Durham, Shelley Katzer, Max Kenkel, Teri Kramer, Toby Malavong, and Courtney Weller, is a book about drinking at Buena Vista University. It was written because the University of Illinois did a survey on colleges around the county about their drinking habits. When some BVU students read it, some did not think it was accurate, so, they did their own research and got some of their own statistics. By the opinion of the students, the information they found was more accurate than what the University of Illinois found. This book had many things wrong with it. There were many problems with the writing styles and the research in my opinion. It was too long and too detailed, especially with the insignificant ideas in, which should not have been in it, such as the explanation of our campus, an insignificant detail. There was not a good comparison in the national average, Buena Vista University is a small campus in a small town, not similar to, say, the University of Missouri with a large student population and in the city of Columbia. The research was not well done and was unbalanced. This book was about the drinking at BVU found from the survey, not when some of the professors were attending. The book did have some good points. It did have good statistics and were accurate for out campus. I believe that most of the students on campus do drink, but not to get d runk such as the book stated. The personal experiences were well written also. The book does give a bit of reflection on when drinking was not a large problem on campus, but it is insignificant. This book also did do a good job of what is being done on campus to stop the drinking. We now have midnight basketball, and volleyball, and alternative happy hour so the students have something other to do than drink or go to the bar. Many things could have been changed in the book. It was too long. They went off subject with the September, 11 2001 terrorists attacks, that are not significant and way off topic, and made the book last too long. If they had not strayed off the path of where the book was going it would have been shorter and probably kept my interest more, not making me want to sleep.

Medical Marijuana: A not so new form of medical treatment Essay

Marijuana enjoyment for the purpose of medical checkup examination treatment has been a debated issue in some(prenominal) states and Countries around the world. The United Kingdom and Canada contract both(prenominal) adopted laws that are directed at protecting patients and doctors from prosecution referable to possession and usage of hemp for medical purposes. Australia has passed laws, but has not seat them into egress, and the United States has not made any allowances, leaving marijuana in the same category with other black drugs and allowing for prosecution if a person is piece to be growing, possessing or using marijuana, regardless of the reasons. According to Dresser, there are currently fourteen states that have taken it upon themselves to enact laws that allow for the prescribing and do of medical marijuana, California being the most liberal in terms of allowed usages (7). While medical conditions that allow marijuana to be prescribed vary from state to state, manse and Degenhardt write that accepted treatments generally include issues such as nausea and vomiting due to chemotherapy, wasting due to HIV and aids, movement disorders and muscle spasticity disorders (690-692). Although many a(prenominal) government and public agencies disagree on the medical benefits that marijuana may provide in the relief of chronic symptoms, marijuana seems to be growing in popularity among doctors and the patients that benefit from its use and a vast number of people feel it should be legalized for medical conditions across America.The use of marijuana for medical purposes is not a new issue. Prior to the twentieth century, marijuana was often used for treatment of symptoms caused by medical issues in both the United States and throughout Europe, Asia and India. In their report, student residence & Degenhardt stat... ... discusses a study that was performed in California and other States due to concerns about medical marijuana having an elicit effect of influencing young people and causing an adjoin in illegal marijuana use. The study showed that no abnormal increase was seen among people ages 16 to 25 interest the legalization of medical marijuana.Wiwi, Amy Komoroski, and Nicole P. Crifo. The Unintended strike of New Jerseys New Medical Marijuana Law on the Workplace. Employee Relations Law Journal 36.1 (2010) 33-37. SPORTDiscus with Full Text. EBSCO. Web. 21 Nov. 2010.This article discusses the medical marijuana laws in New Jersey and offers suggestions to employers on how to address issues in the work place, such as failed drug testing and employee usage of marijuana. It also addresses the lack of consideration of duty in the drafting and passing of these laws. Medical Marijuana A not so new form of medical treatment EssayMarijuana usage for the purpose of medical treatment has been a debated issue in many states and Countries around the world. The United Kingdom and Canada have both adopted laws that are directed at protecting patients and doctors from prosecution due to possession and usage of marijuana for medical purposes. Australia has passed laws, but has not put them into effect, and the United States has not made any allowances, leaving marijuana in the same category with other illegal drugs and allowing for prosecution if a person is found to be growing, possessing or using marijuana, regardless of the reasons. According to Dresser, there are currently fourteen states that have taken it upon themselves to enact laws that allow for the prescribing and use of medical marijuana, California being the most liberal in terms of allowed usages (7). While medical conditions that allow marijuana to be prescribed vary from state to state, Hall and Degenhardt write that accepted treatments generally include issues such as nausea and vomiting due to chemotherapy, wasting due to HIV and aids, movement disorders and muscle spasticity disorders (690-692). Although many government and public agencies disagree on the medical benefits that marijuana may provide in the relief of chronic symptoms, marijuana seems to be growing in popularity among doctors and the patients that benefit from its use and a vast number of people feel it should be legalized for medical conditions across America.The use of marijuana for medical purposes is not a new issue. Prior to the twentieth century, marijuana was often used for treatment of symptoms caused by medical issues in both the United States and throughout Europe, Asia and India. In their report, Hall & Degenhardt stat... ... discusses a study that was performed in California and other States due to concerns about medical marijuana having an elicit effect of influencing young people and causing an increase in illegal marijuana use. The study showed that no abnormal increase was seen among people ages 16 to 25 following the legalization of medical marijuana.Wiwi, Amy Komoroski, and Nicole P. Crifo. The Unintended Impact of New Jersey s New Medical Marijuana Law on the Workplace. Employee Relations Law Journal 36.1 (2010) 33-37. SPORTDiscus with Full Text. EBSCO. Web. 21 Nov. 2010.This article discusses the medical marijuana laws in New Jersey and offers suggestions to employers on how to address issues in the work place, such as failed drug testing and employee usage of marijuana. It also addresses the lack of consideration of employment in the drafting and passing of these laws.

The Tragedy of King Lear Analysis Essay -- King Lear Shakespeare Essay

The Tragedy of King Lear AnalysisLear By Jupiter, I swear noKent By Juno, I swear ay. In The Tragedy of King Lear, particularly in the first half of the play, Lear continually swears to the gods. He invokes them for mercies and begs them for destruction he binds two his oaths and his curses with their names. The older charactersLear and Gloucestertend view their world as strictly within the moral framework of the pagan religion. As Lear expresses it, the central core of his religion lies in the idea of earthly justice. In II.4.14-15, Lear expresses his disbelief that Regan and Alb each would have put the disguised Kent, his messenger, in stocks. He at first attempts to deny the rather evident fact in front of him, objecting No twice before swearing it. By the time Lear invokes the king of the pagan gods, his refusal to believe has become willful and more or less absurd. Kent replies, not without sarcasm, by affixing the name of the queen of the gods to a contradictory state ment. The formula is turned into nonsense by its repetition. In contradicting Lears oath as healthy as the assertion with which it is coupled, Kent is subtly contend Lears conception of the universe as controlled by just gods. He is also and perhaps more importantly, challenging Lears relationship with the gods. It is Kent who most lucidly and repeatedly opposes the ideas put forth by Lear his actions as well as his statements undermine Lears hypotheses about heaven-sent order. Lear does not find his foil in youth but in middle age not in the opposite excess of his ownEdmunds calculation, saybut in Kents comparative moderation. Likewise the viable alternative to his relationship to divine justice is not shown by Edmund with his ... ...wo of them as gods spies (Lear, V.3.17). This is the first time that Lear refers to God rather than a god or gods. In this metaphor, he and Cordelia are Gods employees and dependents rather than a necessary part of a natural order. He doe s not form his divine reference as an oath he neither commands nor supplicates. It is a mellifluous vision and a sharp contrast to Lears earlier invocations of the gods. Were there some divine preceptor bent on teaching Lear an earthly lesson, he could safely say that it was learnt. But the play, of course, continues. What is important, finally, is not that Lear learns, but that we the audience learn. One of the most important aspects of this learning is anticipated by Kent, who first points out that any invocation of Jupiter can be countered by an opposite invocation of Juno to the same effect, which is to say none at all.

The Act of Sacrifice from Achilles and Gilgamesh Essay -- The Iliad Gr

The Act of Sacrifice from Achilles and Gilgamesh The act of gift is a very important event in literature. Often, it can define and shape a characters support and personality. The ancient texts discussed in class contain many diverse, yet equally pregnant examples of sacrifice. Even though these acts of sacrifice can occur for different reasons, each one has a similar purpose. The characters that perform such sacrifices are required to cash in ones chips up something they love, cherish or own in order to serve a greater purpose. Achilles from The Iliad must sacrifice his physical possessions to appease his gods. Gilgamesh is unwillingly constrained to sacrifice his beloved brother. Cain from The Bible also forfeits material possessions, save he also gives up his own integrity, as well as eternal life in his Heaven. These sacrifices appear to differ in the severity of what is given up, but they are actually alike in the way each is used to run certain goals. Achilles is an ex cellent example of one who performs sacrifice. In The Iliad, Achilles is a supreme and god-like warrior, but his many character flaws hold him from achieving his full potential. His rampant pride and unharnessed fierceness overtakes his other good qualities and causes him many hardships. Achilles hopes to reduce these flaws by sacrificing numerous possessions to the gods. He believes, as did most other Greeks of the time, that thee gifts would urge the gods to look favorably upon the givers. Objects, such as cows, pigs, and wine, were cooked in an extremely orderly manner. Any deviations from the proper method of offering the gifts would be seen as a sign of disrespect. Sacrifices are made to obtain or achieve something in the future. In the case of Achilles, his sacrifice was made in hope that the gods would control and possibly eliminate his rage and pride. Achilles gifts of animals and drink to the gods were viewed by the past Greek public as normal, honorable, and religious. M ost citizens made some kind of offering to the gods, but the gifts were definitely not as lavish and extravagant as the offerings made by Achilles. Regardless of the sacrifice, the importance was found in how much the gift meant to the giver, and how often the gifts came to the gods. Like Achilles, Gilgamesh also made an extreme sacrifice in order to better himself and those around him. In Gilgamesh, the tit... ...necessary arrogance that stirred unrest in his people. After his sacrifice, he had known the joys of brotherhood, become wiser and humbler, and gained the respect of his people. The complete glacial of Gilgameshs case is Cains. He begins as a humble, faithful servant of God, and he is given a good job. But he makes inadequate sacrifices and compounds the hassle by murdering his brother. At the end, he does not have his job, he has lost his loyal brother by his own hand, and most walk aimlessly crossways the earth for eternity. As can be seen, sacrifices take on many different shapes and forms. These sacrifices can be alike and different in many aspects, but they all are important in literature. Sacrifice molds the integrity and reputation of those making them, not only to the society in which they live, but also with the high power that they worship. The sacrifices of Achilles, Gilgamesh, and Cain were all important in their respective cultures and were very influential in how these three will be looked upon throughout history. It is obvious that any sacrifice to be made must be carefully picked over and analyzed before it is enacted. Otherwise, one may wonder forever.

The Act of Sacrifice from Achilles and Gilgamesh Essay -- The Iliad Gr

The Act of Sacrifice from Achilles and Gilgamesh The act of sacrifice is a very important event in literature. Often, it can check and shape a characters life and personality. The ancient texts discussed in class contain many diverse, yet equ in ally meaningful examples of sacrifice. Even though these acts of sacrifice can occur for different reasons, each one has a similar purpose. The characters that perform such sacrifices are required to give up something they love, cherish or own in order to serve a greater purpose. Achilles from The Iliad must sacrifice his physical possessions to appease his gods. Gilgamesh is unwillingly forced to sacrifice his heartfelt brother. Cain from The Bible also forfeits material possessions, but he also gives up his own integrity, as well as eternal life in his Heaven. These sacrifices out to differ in the severity of what is given up, but they are actually alike in the way each is used to accomplish certain goals. Achilles is an polished example of one who performs sacrifice. In The Iliad, Achilles is a supreme and god-like warrior, but his many character flaws hold him from achieving his full potential. His rampant pride and unharnessed rage overtakes his other full qualities and causes him many hardships. Achilles hopes to reduce these flaws by sacrificing numerous possessions to the gods. He believes, as did most other Greeks of the time, that thee gifts would urge the gods to look favorably upon the givers. Objects, such as cows, pigs, and wine, were cooked in an highly orderly manner. Any deviations from the proper method of offering the gifts would be seen as a sign of disrespect. Sacrifices are make to obtain or achieve something in the future. In the showcase of Achilles, his sacrifice was made in hope that the gods would control and possibly eliminate his rage and pride. Achilles gifts of animals and drink to the gods were viewed by the Ancient Greek normal as normal, honorable, and religious. Most citiz ens made some kind of offering to the gods, but the gifts were definitely not as lavish and extravagant as the offerings made by Achilles. Regardless of the sacrifice, the importance was found in how much the gift meant to the giver, and how often the gifts came to the gods. Like Achilles, Gilgamesh also made an extreme sacrifice in order to founder himself and those around him. In Gilgamesh, the tit... ...necessary arrogance that stirred unrest in his people. After his sacrifice, he had known the joys of brotherhood, become wiser and humbler, and gained the respect of his people. The complete opposite of Gilgameshs case is Cains. He begins as a humble, faithful servant of God, and he is given a good job. But he makes inadequate sacrifices and compounds the problem by murdering his brother. At the end, he does not have his job, he has lost his loyal brother by his own hand, and most walk aimlessly across the earth for eternity. As can be seen, sacrifices take on many dif ferent shapes and forms. These sacrifices can be alike and different in many aspects, but they all are important in literature. Sacrifice molds the integrity and reputation of those making them, not only to the society in which they live, but also with the higher power that they worship. The sacrifices of Achilles, Gilgamesh, and Cain were all important in their respective cultures and were very influential in how these three will be looked upon throughout history. It is obvious that any sacrifice to be made must be carefully picked over and analyzed before it is enacted. Otherwise, one may wonder forever.

Indian Morphological Differences And Similarities Health And Social Care Essay

Background & A nonsubjective Worldwide fluctuation in human growing and its familial and environmental f recreateors have been described by m any(prenominal) writers before. In this survey, an effort has been made to measure the morphological differences and similarities among 1-5 twelvemonth kids of rural countries of Uttar Pradesh body politic in India. The purpose of this survey was to find whether kids populating in diverse countries show their differences or similarities of original social system size.Methods For this intent, a transverse sectional territory bread and butter profile survey conducted during 2002-03 was workd. The information on 10,096 kids drawn from 1080 small townships in 54 territories is a portion of the territory form Diet and Nutrition judgment study, was considered. The average values for elevation and exerci burble weight for 54 territories is taken as the input informations for subsequent analytic thinking. The information was first normaliz ed by agencies of Principal Component summary ( PCA ) and so K-means mass was per make.Consequences The PCA and hatful analysis yielded four distinguishable bundles or forms in the kids anthropometric informations. These mickles were ordered harmonizing to the mean organic structure size ( weight and tallness ) of kids. The average stature and organic structure weight of these kids in bunch I was 3.2 centimeter and 1.4 kilogram higher than those of bunch IV bespeaking assort difference between bunchs. Besides, the fluctuations between bunchs in their societal, demographic, wellness and nutrition parametric quantities were comp atomic number 18d.Interpretation & A decision The practical usage of PCA and bunch analysis and its virtues in analyzing the Uttar Pradesh pre-school kids growing fluctuations are discussed. These consequences will ease the decision maker to gestate and implement sidetrack particular action programmes for betterment in the nutritionary short letter of the community in general and pre-school kids, in peculiar.Cardinal words anthropometric measurings, K-means dot Analysis, PCA, Nutrition, Socio-economic.IntroductionWorldwide fluctuations in human growing forms were described in the past by Tanner and Eveleth1,2. Growth and development of kids in a community are approximatelyly influenced by the environment they live in, which include a host of factors cogitate to socioeconomic, socio-cultural and agro climatic conditions. In this stick in paper, we tried to pull out the nutritionary forms of under five twelvemonth kids anthropometric informations collected at territory degree in the province of Uttar Pradesh in India. This survey was undertaken peculiarly in Uttar Pradesh because it is themost thickly settled province in India, holding about 170 million population3. Therefore, geographic clusterization of territories in big countries such as a State or part of a state based on nutritionary position of the kids may assist in placing assorted factors that have important influence on the growing and development of the communities and to plan and implement appropriate region/state specific schemes for forestalling and control of undernutrition in the communities.The bunch analysis technique involves segregating a information set into unlike homogeneous groups based either on similarities or unsimilarities in the information. This technique is an easy replicable manner of building categorizations, which has attracted widespread popularity across diverse scientific disciplines4. Mahalanobis, Majumdar and Rao5 employed this method to do an anthropometric study of the linked state manner back in 1949. Vasulu and Pal6 studied the relationship between anthropometric distinction and cultural diverseness in the Yanadi folk in polar separate of India. This method has been successfully used on anthropometric measurings in China to sort growing profiles of children7 and in India to transport out societal market ing schemes for control of Vitamin A deficiency8,9 every bit good as to place the forms in nutritionary informations of kids.Keri L. Monda and Barry M. Popkin10 used bunch analysis to make forms of boilers suit drill and inaction in a diverse sample of Chinese young person and to measure their usage in foretelling fleshy position. Tucker KL11 exhibit dietetic forms of different populations in US utilizing PCA-Cluster Analysis technique.For the intent of this survey, the informations collected during the District nutrition profile ( DNF ) study carried out in the State of Uttar Pradesh during the twelvemonth 2002-03 and reported during 2003-04 was utilised. The study included aggregation of informations on family socio economic, socio cultural and demographic specifics, nutritionary position of persons in footings of anthropometry and clinical scrutiny, mean nutrient and alimentary consumptions at the family degree and chest eating and kid raising patterns prevalent in the communi ty.Following are the specific aims of the current surveyTo organize geographical bunchs in the State of Uttar Pradesh, based on the anthropometric information of weight and tallness of preschool kids2 ) To iIiiiide dentify differences or similarities in the nutritionary position of kids populating in different bunchs.To analyze the family demographic, socioeconomic derived functions of the kids between the bunchs, in relation to the nutritionary position.Materials and MethodsSample DesignA cross sectional design was used for transporting out DNF study. In each territory, small town formed the Primary Sampling Unit ( PSU ) and the Household, the Secondary Sampling Unit ( SSU ) . Therefore, a sum of 400 HHs were covered from 20 small towns by natural covering 20 indiscriminately selected families from each small town. Sing the big fluctuation in the territory, due representation was given to all the blocks in the territory period choosing the small towns, by sideline graded random trying process coupled with chance proportion to size ( PPS ) .SubjectsThe anthropometric informations, videlicet highs and weights available on 10,096 preschool kids ( 1 to 5 old ages of age ) from a sum of 87,491 persons of different ages of both(prenominal) the sexes from 54 territories of Uttar Pradesh was considered for analysis. The geographic distribution of the territories is shown in Fig. 1. The average values for tallness and weight for 54 territories is taken as the input informations for subsequent analysis.VariablesTwo anthropometric measurings viz. highs and weights were collected by research workers by utilizing standard equipment and processs. The research workers were skilful and standardized in the study methodological analysiss by the Scientists of National Institute of Nutrition ( NIN ) , before originating existent informations aggregation in the field.Statistical methodThe information was first normalized by agencies of Principal Component Analysis ( PCA ) an d so bunch was performed utilizing SPSS 15.0 statistical software12, utilizing the undermentioned processThe agencies of each variable for 54 territories were computed.An inter-variable correlativity coefficient matrix was derived.The PCA was extracted by following the undermentioned standards.The standard for truth of choosing principle fate was 0.005.The minimal discrepancy for pull outing each constituent was 0.5.The value of all steps was alter into principle-component tonss.The instances were clustered by k-means bunch method utilizing Euclidian distance which was calculated by the expression given below.Wherein dij is the distance between any two instances ( I and J ) in a group, Xik and Xjk are the chief constituent tonss of the kth chief constituent ( k=1,2,3am here m=1 ) .The process for bunch was done by MacQueen method13 as followsStep1 Partition the points into thousand initial bunchsSteo2 Proceed through the list of points, delegating point to the bunch whose centroi d ( average ) is close. Recalculate the centroid for the bunch having the new point and the one which the point is removedStep3 Repeat the Step 2 until no reassignments take topographic point.ConsequencesThe average highs and weights by territory are listed in Table I. The Principle constituents extracted from the correlativity matrices are listed in Table II. Merely one rule constituent could be extracted from the information. The EIGEN value ensuing from this constituent was 1.4 and could explicate 70 % of the fluctuation.The information was foremost transformed into Personal computer mark for the 54 territories which formed the input for executing bunch analysis utilizing K-means bunch analysis method. Four different bunchs or forms were observed in the information. A ocular representation bunch analysis represented as dendogram ( Fig.2 ) shows the bunchs being unite and the values of the distance coefficients at each measure. Looking at the dendogram, it appears that the four b unch method described may be appropriate, since the bunchs are easy explainable and occurs before the distance at which bunch go excessively big. The dendrogram rescales the existent distances to Numberss between 0 and 25, continuing the ratio of the distances between stairss.These bunchs were ordered harmonizing to the mean organic structure size ( weight and tallness ) of kids. The organic structure sizes which formed into different little bunchs are listed in table III. The average stature and organic structure weight of these kids in bunch I was 3.2 centimeter and 1.4 kilogram higher than those of bunch IV bespeaking clear difference between bunchs.Geographic factorsThe bunch analysis which resulted in the formation of four distinguishable bunchs is presented in the map ( Fig. 3 ) . The map clearly showed the geographic unsimilarities in the organic structure size of kids. umteen of the territories for whom the information was clustered were geographically next. It was observed that in most of the territories from Cluster I came from the western portion of the province, such as Ghaziabad, Farrukhabad, Etawah, which is comparatively comfortable part of the State. The bulk territories viz. Bijnor, Saharanpur, Meerut, Aligarh, Mathura, Maharajgunj etc. which are grouped into Cluster II ranked as 2nd best segregation, are from Western and Eastern parts of the State considered to be unquestionable parts. In contrast, in the Cluster IV which is considered to be holding lowest organic structure size of kids, most of the territories viz. Sitapur, Rae bareli, Jalaun, Lalitpur, Hamirpur belonged to Central and Budelkhand parts which are considered to be under-developed part. The above segregation of territories are in conformance with the informations of NFHS-II survey14,15 wherein the territories in the State were categorized into backward and non-backward territories.Socio-Economic FactorsThe bunchs so formed were compared in relation to their socio-economic pa rametric quantities such as extent of land retentions, type of house, community, per-capita monthly income, denseness of population to see whether it was an artefact or if any relationships could be established. It was found that the territories in bunch I were comparatively more developed than in the other bunchs ( table IV ) . The differences observed between bunchs were both in footings of population denseness and per capita income. It was besides observed that the proportion of under-privileged communities such as Schedule Caste and Schedule Tribe population was much impose in the I & A II bunchs, compared to bunchs III and IV.Demographic factorsDemographic factors like sex ratio of population, birth order, kids covered for nutrition appraisal, literacy position, per centum married below 18 old ages of age were compared among the bunchs. It was observed that the territories in bunch I were better off when compared to constellate II, III and IV, with regard to all the above va riables ( Table V ) . The sex ratio ( females for 1000 males ) , a good index of demographic alteration was 921 in bunch I, as against 882 in bunch IV. Similarly, the literacy position was 64 % in bunch I, compared to 52 % in bunch IV.Nutrition and Health factorsThe extent of undernutrition among pre-school kids was assessed by Standard Deviation ( SD ) categorization by utilizing World Health arranging ( WHO ) growing standards16, in footings of acrobatics ( tallness for age, & lt Median 2SD ) reflecting long continuance undernutrition, blowing ( weight for tallness, & lt Median -2SD ) bespeaking current undernutrition and scraggy ( weight for age & lt Median -2SD ) bespeaking overall undernutrition. The proportion of kids with scraggy, stunting and blowing utilizing the above three standards were least in the territories of bunch I, as compared to constellate IV.The extent of underweight was 33 % incluster I, 45 % in bunch II, 52 % in bunch III and 58 % in bunch IV, bespeakin g the extent of under nutrition is higher in bunchs II, III and IV when compared with Cluster I, though the differences were besides higher between bunch II and Cluster IV. Similar form was observed for stunting and blowing ( Table VI ) . The wellness parametric quantities like per centum adult females undergoing prenatal medical examinations in different clustered territories ranged from a high ( 50 % ) in bunch I to 47 % in Cluster IV. The institutional bringings were comparatively more in bunch I ( 20 % ) , compared to constellate IV ( 14 % ) , bespeaking better wellness attention use in bunch I territories ( Table VI ) .DiscussionThere are figure of methods available for clustering13, but the methods of PCA and bunch analysis was selected for this survey for the undermentioned grounds, viz. , ( I ) By utilizing the Principal Component Analysis method, the values of anthropometric variables in each instance is transformed into chief constituent tonss, which reflects kids s organi c structure size more comprehensively than any individual variable, and ( two ) the bunch analysis was performed in this method, by ciphering the distances every bit good as sing the magnitude of difference between variables, therefore avoiding the drawbacks of other methods which use correlativity coefficients as the similarity step and be given to be sensitive to consider at the disbursal of magnitude6.The topics included in the present analysis were preschool kids, whose well being is considered as a placeholder to nutritionary position for the full community. The consequences of the present survey show that the difference in kids s organic structure size are really different between different bunchs, i.e. between developed and under developed countries. All these factors exert the fact that there are important differences in organic structure size of kids in different bunchs ( countries ) . For illustration, most of the territories in Cluster I and Cluster II, which are conside red as good bunchs in footings of their better nutritionary, wellness, societal and demographic indexs, are located in the western and eastern portion of the Uttar Pradesh State, which are considered to be comfortable parts.Restriction in this survey is that, other factors, such as the ecological conditions, life manner, which might act upon the nutritionary position of the preschool kids, are non considered. However, the present survey has identified possible countries of intercession for betterment in the nutritionary position of kids. The consequences of bunch analysis, are non barely of involvement, in footings of geographical, biological, ecological and anthropometric similarities but besides facilitate the decision maker to gestate and implement appropriate action programmes for betterment in the nutritionary position of the community in general and pre school kids, in peculiar.

Book Report on “The Interview” by Ruth Prawer Jhabvala Essay

The story entitled the Interview by Ruth Prawer Jhabvala is a depiction of a mans image in the eye of the people around him. Even if this story is in first person point of view, the narrator itself accepted and proclaimed the fact of being lazy and egoistic. The itinerary he sensed his lifetime is unpredictable in a sense of negativity because he could not able to appreciate things and could not live his life for the betterment of his own self and his wife. The last time I had an interview, it was truly unpleasant for me. One of the people who was interviewing took a dislike to me and shouted at me very loudly (Jhabvala 267). This part of the story showed that the narrator or the persona of the story finds different flaws and inaccuracy to the places and situation that he used to have in order to wane and become unable to obtain the situation. It is a form of escape for the character from the different situations that occurs in him. Despite of having a notion of completeness an d advantages, he still perceived that he is empty and unhappy to his situation but he did not accept the fact of his psychological problems that only him could understand and determine. The ending of the story is unsophisticated a representation of laziness of the character but the author did not stated any transformation of the characters point of view. It means that the character is full of anxieties and insecurities within him that he did not want to recognize because it will lead him into an uncertain situation that he himself would not eventually obtain. Therefore, the character is matted and static because he did not change all throughout the story that made him incapable of understanding his own self.ReferenceJhabvala, R. P. The Interview. pp. 259-271

Alcohol and World Health/Hunger

Alcohol is a central nervous system depressant and possibly maven of the oldest known drugs. In America today, it is considered the number 1 drug problem.Over $90 billion is spent yearly by Americans on inebriant. At least $ light speed million cost of health c are and productivity loss affects the countrys economy each year. According to statistics, there are more than 15 million alcoholic beverageic Americans and half a million of this figure belongs to the age bracket of 9-12Ethyl alcohol or ethanol is the major psychoactive component in alcoholic beverages. It is produced with the fermentation of sugar by yeast. The percentage of alcohol present in alcoholic beverages varies. Beer has 4-6% alcohol, wine has 7-15% alcohol, champagne has 8-14% alcohol, and distilled spirits have 40-95% alcohol (www.chemcases.com).Due to its small size, molecules of alcohol are quickly absorbed by the intestines. It is also soluble in lipids and water solutions and it gets to the bloodstream ea sily and travels throughout the human body affecting near all of the tissues.Consumption of alcohol at mode browse and high amounts impairs the functions of the central nervous system, acting on the spinal cord, reticular formation, on a number of neurotransmitter systems, and on the cerebellum and cerebral complex. The gravity of the impairment is dependent on the level of alcohol in the blood.Alcohol has short-term and long-term takingss. These effects are influenced by various factors such(prenominal) as gender, age, amount of food taken, physical condition and other drugs taken.Alcohol radically impairs the judgment and coordination necessary to drive a car, raze if it is taken at a small quantity. Moderate amount of alcohol can cause talkativeness and dizziness. Incidence of hostile acts like child abuse and domestic violence are also blamed to alcohol. Intake of larger amount of alcohol causes immediate nausea and vomiting, disturbed sleep, and slurred speech. Hangover hea dache, dizziness, thirst, and fatigue is also another effect of alcohol taken in large amounts.The following illnesses are associated with long-term excessive alcohol consumption high blood pressure and stroke, heart damage, cancers of the digestive system, liver damage, increasing risk of breast cancer, sexual impotence and reduced fertility, brain damage with mood personality changes, sleeping difficulties, and concentration and memory problems (www.dassa.sa.gov.au).Alcoholism or alcohol dependence is another major consequence of heavy and prolonged use of alcohol. This is a chronic disease from which a person craves for alcohol.Despite the negative consequences that alcohol causes them, like marital problems, medical diseases, vehicular accidents, or loss of job, alcoholics cannot control their drinking.These persons are also unable to s crystalize drinking once started and they become physically dependent on it. Sudden cessation from a long period of excessive alcohol intake re sults to withdrawal symptoms, including severe anxiety, nausea, tremors, sweating, convulsions and hallucinations. Alcoholics also develop a higher alcohol tolerance, that in order to reach intoxication, they need to drink in progressive amounts.The prevalence of alcohol dependence is global and affects almost both aspects of the society. According to statistics, alcohol-dependent persons belong to homemakers, successful businessmen, laborers, skilled mechanics, and even church goers.There are roughly 76 million people around the world who suffers from alcohol-related diseases. In the United States alone, more or less 15% of the population is suffering from alcohol-related problems. . It is to be noted that America is not yet in the list of the top 10 alcohol consuming countries 1. Portugal, 2. Luxembourg, 3.) France, 4.) Hungary, 5.) Spain, 6.) Czech Republic, 7.) Denmark, 8.) Germany, 9.) Austria, and 10.) Switzerland (www.potsdam.edu).Alcohol-related health issue is a worldwide concern. One major factor is the availability and legality of alcohol in almost every country. Despite its known health consequences, alcohol is readily available in almost every groceries and restaurants all around the world. Everyone has access to it, even the minors.In Russia, alcohol dependence is significantly prevalent. Almost more than 30% of the countrys deaths are alcohol abuse-related, directly and indirectly. The effort of the government to control alcohol manufacturing seems futile due to the widespread black market for liquor created by the locals.Countries, such as Japan, drinking is considered a requirement in business transactions, it is a mark of company loyalty. Refusing to accept a drink is regarded as an insult, especially if asked by the superior. Alcohol, not being regarded as a drug, is not of a object lesson issue in this country. In Tokyo alone, there are about 15,000 bars which employees considered their office extensions.The availability of alcohol is at a high rate with the vending machines dispensing sake and beer all over the country. Currently, there are more than 3 million alcohol dependent Japanese.

Inventory system Essay

INTRODUCTIONBACKGROUND AND RATIONALEIn todays generation, we be engaged in highly computerized applied science aiming to enhance individual lifestyle and most especially in the world of agate line. Certainly, there ar plenty of small retail outlets, manufacturers, and other businesses that continue to aver on manual means of blood tracking. Many companies and businesses are using gross sales monitoring and inventory arrangings for their success and growth. It is an effective way for monitoring sales and tracking different products and materials that are transferred in and out of a companys warehouse or establishment. Moreover, a sales monitoring and inventory ashes promotes effective inventory control which ensures stocking the marketable and correct items in correct quantities. This system can help the company to avoid overstocking.When a company overstocks, coin is wasted since procuring, storing, and accounting for unneeded items require time, space, and money which cou ld harbour been used on more favourable and marketable assets. Having a developed system on sales monitoring and inventory makes the company more productive, efficient and convenient both to the company and its client. The sales and inventory system is meant to help the company employees and staff office to show customers more relevant items, hoping to expedite and increase the sales and most importantly to increase the profit of the company. With the aid of a sales monitoring and inventory systems, product management depart be more consistent, reliable and efficient.Soundpoint Electronics and General Merchandise is a retail enterprise located at Brgy. Taboc, Borongan City, owned and managed by Mr. Crisanto Jose C. Labro.The computerization of their existing system is one of the primary reason why I conducted this study. I believed that with the computerized sales monitoring and inventory system, the problems met on the existing system will lessen and eventually eliminate.STATEME NT OF THE PROBLEMThis study aims to solve the following existing manual sales monitoring and inventory problems1. Their present sales and inventory system is highly labor intensive because they require continuous monitoring on their business enterprise on a daily basis.2. In terms of their sales minutes, the only record that they have are the customers official receipts and the problem with that is not all customers ask for an official receipt. They cannot bump how much their total earnings are at the end of the day because their records or the official receipts that they keep are not complete.3. Lack of security in terms of their sales and their products. The business owner will find it difficult to see if some products are wanting or missing because they dont have any written records about the available products. 4. Unreliable inventory and sales extend. Because they dont have a complete records of their inventory and sales transactions, they cannot produce any inventory or sa les report that are really consistent and dependable.SCOPE AND restriction OF THE STUDYThis study was conducted at Soundpoint Electronics and General Merchandise located at Brgy. Taboc, Borongan City. This was conducted during the first semester of school year 2013 2014. The proposed sales monitoring and inventory system will 1. This can no longer be highly labor intensive because with the aid of the sales monitoring and inventory system, they can monitor their sales and determine their lacking and unavailable products with the accurate reports that the system will generate. 2. After each customer transaction, the system will generate an official receipt and from then, they will be able to have a record and they can now determine their earnings.3. Promote data security in terms of making the files always updated and low-cal to locate to provide a faster mean of doing the inventory. Unauthorized employees and persons will not be able to use the system unless under the supervision of the business enterprise owner. 4. Enable to produce accurate reports. A sales report to know the earnings of the business enterprise daily, weekly, monthly and yearly and an inventory report to seewhat products are lacking and unavailable. However this sales monitoring and inventory system will not cover the following1. Payroll report of the employees.2. ordering of the needed / lacking products in the business enterprise.SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDYSOUNDPOINT ELECTRONICS AND GEN. MERCHANDISEThis study will greatly contribute to the management in improving its take aim of sales and inventory management consistency, efficiency, accuracy and convenience in providing and giving services to owner, employees and customers.PROPONENTThis study will help the proponent understand and apprize the importance of the sales monitoring and inventory system for all business enterprises and establishments. This study will also improve her knowledge and experience in thesis writing as well as cre ating the Sales Monitoring and Inventory System.FUTURE RESEARCHERSThis study will greatly help the coming(prenominal) researchers to be certain on how important a sales and inventory systems in a certain business enterprise.This study can be a reference to the future researchers who undertake studies in the same nature, also as contribution for other topics/areas. In addition to this, it will offer essential information and learning experiences to the future researchers, to expand their knowledge in the fields of System Analysis and Design and Software Development. And the study will also help the future researchers to gather portentous information and to learn more about the problems that most business enterprises encountered in their sales and inventory management.CUSTOMERSThe customers will be benefited in a way that their processes andtransactions in the business enterprise will be much easier and faster because of the computerized sales monitoring and inventory system.SUPPL IERSThis study will also be laborsaving to the product suppliers in terms of in every product name, the name of the supplier or the company of the supplier will be seen. If the time comes that the products are already lacking in the business enterprise, the proprietor will know who the suppliers are and can contact the suppliers immediately.DEFINITION OF TERMSAccuracy- the ability to be hairsplitting and avoid errorsComplexity- the condition of being difficult to analyse, understand and solveComputer- machine that perform tasks, such as calculations or electronic communication, under the control of a set of instructions called a program Computerize to store information in a computer system or process it by a computerConvenience the quality of being or making things light(a), useful, or of increasing comfortCustomer a person or company that buys goods or servicesData information, a form that is suitable for storage in or processing by a computerEmployee a paid proleEnd User a person or group that is one of the ultimate consumers or users that a software product has been designed forFeasible sufficient of being achieved or put into effectGantt Chart a chart in which horizontal lines show the actual and projected amounts of time involved in completing a particular task or reaching specific levels of productionInventory System are tracking systems that inform you of the amount of dim materials, supplies or final products you have readily availableManageability able to be handled or controlled without much difficultyManufacture a factory, person, or agreement that produces finished goods from raw materials, especially on large industrial scaleMarketable Assets products that fit to be change, in demand and therefore relatively easy to sellMonitoring Staff- anemployee or personnel who checks for incorrect and damage productsPersonnel the people employed in an organization, business or armed forceProducts items sold in a storeProponent- the stude nt who analyzes and researches in great detail in order to understand and discover more about this study owner the owner of a commercial enterprise or establishmentReference a source of informationResearcher a person who study something methodicallySuppliers- a person that provides or sells available or needed products by a company or any retail enterprisesUtilize- to make use of something or find a practical or effective use of something

Marketing Qantas

The report discuss all the crucial information on Qantas Airways Limited mandatory for business and competitor intelligence needs and lease a study of the major internal and external factors affecting Qantas Airways in the form of SWOT and PESTEL abbreviation as well as a dis positioning . And examination of leading product revenue streams of Qantas Airways. Data is supplemented with details on Qantas Airways history, key executives and business description, location and subsidiaries as well as a discover of products, services and the in vogue(p) available statements from Qantas Airways Limited.To undertake the report, primary/qualitative (Qantas Web site) and secondary/quantitative (Internet journals, reports and news) info was collected. The oil market is red ink through melodramatic shifts in regional demand and supply balances. In 2012 the influence of OPEC and strong demand from the Brazilian, Russian, Indian, and Chinese (BRIC) economies prevented a decline in price (IA TA, 2014, p. 12). This can be seen as a major factor affecting Qantas Internationals profitability. With socio political factors in affectionateness East and North Africa may have offset potential impact on the growth of aviation business.Aviation Industrys growth was forever linked to technology. New developments in this front ar collect pace and leave alone continue to influence future dynamics of the industry. New trends in aircraft technology will continue to influence the delivery. Aviation Industry continues to lick progress in the area of environmental protection where new aircraft models are designed to cut stern emissions and to improve efficiency. On the legal front, industry continues to make harmonized legal framework for aviation industry. 2. Qantas International Important Macro environmental factors2.1 Crude oil PricesAviation fuel process follows trends in unprocessed oil prices. One of the most important macroeconomic factors affecting Qantas Internationa l Operations and profitability will be fuel prices. Looking at the latest financial statements (Fig 2) it is obvious that fuel contributes to the expenses in a large scale. Thus any changes in fuel prices are going to affect the bottom-line. As mentioned in the PEST Analysis in the previous section, crude oil prices maintained position preventing a decline in fuel oil prices. Source Qantas base Annual Report 2013Fig. 2 2.2Technology Technology will be one of the important macroeconomic factors which will be driving Qantas Internationals transformation. Qantas sort out will continue its investments in new aircraft technology, customer experience technology, training, customer service etc. Emerging technologies like New Distribution capabilities (NDC) are going to transform customer shopping experience. Technology will continue to impact following areas of the businessAircraft Design ( Fuel efficient designs, reduced ampere-second footprint) guest Experience Ground HandlingCustomer shopping experienceMarketing QantasThe report discuss all the crucial information on Qantas Airways Limited required for business and competitor intelligence needs and contain a study of the major internal and external factors affecting Qantas Airways in the form of SWOT and PESTEL analysis as well as a breakdown . And examination of leading product revenue streams of Qantas Airways. Data is supplemented with details on Qantas Airways history, key executives and business description, location and subsidiaries as well as a list of products, services and the latest available statements from Qantas Airways Limited. To undertake the report, primary/qualitative (Qantas Web site) and secondary/quantitative (Internet journals, reports and news) data was collected. The oil market is going through dramatic shifts in regional demand and supply balances. In 2012 the influence of OPEC and strong demand from the Brazilian, Russian, Indian, and Chinese (BRIC) economies prevented a decline in pri ce (IATA, 2014, p. 12). This can be seen as a major factor affecting Qantas Internationals profitability. With socio political factors in Middle East and North Africa may have low potential impact on the growth of aviation business. Aviation Industrys growth was always linked to technology.New developments in this front are gathering pace and will continue to influence future dynamics of the industry. New trends in aircraft technology will continue to influence the delivery. Aviation Industry continues to make progress in the area of environmental protection where new aircraft models are designed to cut back emissions and to improve efficiency. On the legal front, industry continues to achieve harmonized legal framework for aviation industry.2.Qantas International Important Macro environmental factors2.1 Crude Oil PricesAviation fuel process follows trends in crude oil prices. One of the most important macroeconomic factors affecting Qantas International Operations and profitability will be fuel prices. Looking at the latest financial statements (Fig 2) it is obvious that fuel contributes to the expenses in a large scale. Thus any changes in fuel prices are going to affect the bottom-line. As mentioned in the PEST Analysis in the previous section, crude oil prices maintained position preventing a decline in fuel oilprices.Source Qantas Group Annual Report 2013Technology will be one of the important macroeconomic factors which will be driving Qantas Internationals transformation. Qantas group will continue its investments in new aircraft technology, customer experience technology, training, customer service etc. Emerging technologies like New Distribution capabilities (NDC) are going to transform customer shopping experience. Technology will continue to impact following areas of the businessAircraft Design ( Fuel efficient designs, reduced carbon footprint) Customer Experience Ground Handling Customer shopping experience

Indian Judiciary System Essay

In a political system based on constitutional G everyplacenment , the functions of rule making, rule enforcement and rule definition be separated into the terzetto institutions of the legislature, the executive and the administration. A judiciary that is independent of and acting as a check on arbitrary exercise of legislative and executive male monarch is an essential feature of a constitutional itself means. In a federal system, the judiciary also serves as a tribunal for the final determination of quarrels between the union and its constituent units.Given the tremendous enormousness of the role and functions of the haughty address & lavishly court of honors, various measures have been adopted to ensure the independence of the judiciary. The judiciary in India is paradoxical institution. On the atomic number 53 hand courts argon extraordinarily powerful on the other, its working seems manipulated by the executive. Through a creative interpretation of the constitution, courts have not only exercised their power of discriminatory review just now also have to managed to place the limits on the power of parliament to amend the constitution. There are 20 million case pending in Indian courts, of which 3.2 million are in the High romances.The entire judicature has been divided into three tiers. At the top in that respect is a supreme court (apex), downstairs it is the High courtroom and the lowest rank is occupied by sessions court. The supreme greet is the highest court of fairness. The constitution says that the law declared by the supreme court shall be binding on all small courts at heart the territory of India(Art. 141). Below the dogmatic solicit, are the High Courts located in the asseverates. Under each High Court there are District Sessions Courts. Subordinate Courts and Courts of Minor Jurisdiction called Small cause courts. Given the importance of the judiciary in a federal system resting on limited government , The Supreme Cour t was designed to make it the final authority in the interpretation of the constitution . While framing the judicial provisions, the constituent assembly gave a great deal of attention of the courts, the power of the supreme court and the issue of judicial review.The Constitution makes sure that the Supreme Court is independent as much as possible.Eligibility -The person must be a citizen of India -Judge of a High Court or of deuce or more such(prenominal) Courts in succession for at least five years, or -An Advocate of a High Court or of two or more such Courts in succession for at least ten years, or -The person must be, in the cerebration of the President, a distinguished jurist. -A Judge of a High Court or retired Judge of the Supreme Court or High Courts may be institute as an ad-hoc Judge of the Supreme Court.Appointment Though the President has the appointing authority with the advice of his Council of ministers the appointment of the Supreme Court Judge has been lifted fro m the realm of pure government activity by requiring the President to consult the Chief referee of India in the function.Salary The salary and allowances of a judge cannot be reduced after appointment.the salaraies of the judges are fixed by the constitution and providing that though the allowances,leave and pension may be determined by law make by the Parliament,these shall not be varied to the disadvantage of a judge during his term of office except may be during a financial emergency.the adminstrative expenses of the Supreme Court,the salaries and allowances of the Judges and staff of the Supreme Court shall not be subjected to vote in Parliament and would be charged on the Consolidated Fund of India.Contempt of court The Constituion allows the Supreme Court to punish every unity for contempt of some(prenominal) law court in India,under Articles 129 and 142. The Supreme Court perforemed an unprecedneted action when it directed a sitting minister of the state of Maharashtra,S waroop singh Naik,to be jailed for one month incharge of contempt of court on 12 May 2006.This was the first fourth dimension a serving minister was ever jailed.He was sentenced for allowing an discredited saw mill to run in a forest in Vidarbha near Tadoba santuary when he wa the Maharashtra forest minister.The court had directed in 1997 to the state ministers to not renew the licenses of sawmills in the forest areas.Violation of Laws The Supeme Court has the right to invalidate whatever law made by the Parliament if it violates the Basic Stucture of the constituion or if it violates any of the fundamental rights of the citizens. On 24th April,1973 the Supreme Court in the Kesavananda Bharti v/s The state of Kerela case responded to the Parliament that although the amendments made were constituional the court static reserved for itself the discretion to reject any constituional amendments passed by Parliament declaring that the amendments cannot change the Basic Structure.Remo val The judge cannot be removed from office before time except by an order of the president passed in the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha supported by a majority of the total membership of that house and by a majority of not less than two thirds oh the members present and voting,and presented to the president in the same session for such removal on the ground of proved misbehaviour or incapacity. There were two judges who were removed by this process the first was Justice V.RamaswamiHe was the Punjab and Haryana High Court chief arbiter of the year 1993 when he was impeached by the Lok Sabha by 196 votes because of his incapacity to do work.The Supreme Court charged him for his failure to do complete justice. The second was that of Justcice Soumitra Sen.He was the Calcutta High Court chief justice,the justice of India K.G Balakrishnanhad recommended him for impeachement to the Parliament because he had misappropriating rs.22.83 lakh than on than on 2009 a three member committee was set up and investigation was staretd and he was found guilty and finally on 17th August 2011 he was impeached by Rajya Sabha.The Supreme Court has original, appellate and advisory legal power.Its exclusive original jurisdiction extends to any dispute between the Government of India and one or more States or between the Government of India and any State or States on one side and one or more States on the other or between two or more States, if and insofar as the dispute involves any misgiving (whether of law or of fact) on which the existence or extent of a legal right depends. In addition, Article 32 of the Constitution gives an extensive original jurisdiction to the Supreme Court in regard to enforcement of Fundamental Rights. It is empowered to issue directions, orders or writs, including writs in the nature of habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, quo warranto and certiorari to enforce them.The Supreme Court has been conferred with power to direct transfer of any civil or wrong ca se from one State High Court to another State High Court or from a Court confederate to another State High Court. The Supreme Court, if satisfied that cases involving the same or actually the same questions of law are pending before it and one or more High Courts or before two or more High Courts and that such questions are substantial questions of general importance, may withdraw a case or cases pending before the High Court or High Courts and dispose of all such cases itself. Under the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996, International Commercial Arbitration can also be initiated in the Supreme Court.The appellate jurisdiction of the Supreme Court can be invoked by a certificate granted by the High Court concerned under Article 132(1), 133(1) or 134 of the Constitution in respect of any judgement, decree or final order of a High Court in both civil and criminal cases, involving substantial questions of law as to the interpretation of the Constitution. Appeals also lie to the Supreme Court in civil matters if the High Court concerned certifies (a) that the case involves a substantial question of law of general importance, and (b) that, in the opinion of the High Court, the said question needs to be decided by the Supreme Court.In criminal cases, an attract lies to the Supreme Court if the High Court (a) has on appeal reversed an order of acquittal of an accused person and sentenced him to death or to imprisonment for sprightliness or for a period of not less than 10 years, or (b) has withdrawn for ladder before itself any case from any Court subordinate to its authority and has in such trial convicted the accused and sentenced him to death or to imprisonment for life or for a period of not less than 10 years, or (c) certified that the case is a fit one for appeal to the Supreme Court. Parliament is authorised to confer on the Supreme Court any further powers to entertain and hear appeals from any judgement, final order or sentence in a criminal procee ding of a High Court.The Supreme Court has also a very wide appellate jurisdiction over all Courts and Tribunals in India in as much as it may, in its discretion, grant special leave to appeal under Article 136 of the Constitution from any judgment, decree, determination, sentence or order in any cause or matter passed or made by any Court or Tribunal in the territory of India.The Supreme Court has special advisory jurisdiction in matters which may specifically be referred to it by the President of India under Article 143 of the Constitution. The supreme court is vested with the power to render advisory opinions on any question of fact or law that may be referred to it by the president. The advisory role of the supreme court is different from orinary jurisdiction in three senses. There is no litigation between two partiesThe advisory opinion of the court is not binding on the govt. It is not executable as a judgement of the court. The practice of seeking advisory opinion of the supr eme court helps the executive as a judgement of the court. It gives a soft opinion to the Indian govt. on some politically difficult issues. As in case of Babri Masjid complex and Ayodhya. The govt. decided to refer aspects of the dispute to the supreme court for an opinion. Since there was no legal point at issue, the referral to the supreme court had the potential for politicizing the judiciary instead resolving.Although the proceedings in the Supreme Court arise out of the judgments or orders made by the Subordinate Courts including the High Courts, but of late the Supreme Court has started entertaining matters in which interest of the public at heroic is involved and the Court can be moved by any individual or group of persons either by filing a judicial writ call for at the Filing Counter of the Court or by addressing a letter to Honble the Chief Justice of India highlighting the question of public importance for invoking this jurisdiction.Such excogitation is popularly kno wn as Public Interest Litigation and several matters of public importance have become landmark cases. This concept is unique to the Supreme Court of India only and perhaps no other Court in the world has been exercising this extraordinary jurisdiction. A Writ Petition filed at the Filing Counter is dealt with like any other Writ Petition and processed as such. In case of a letter intercommunicate to Honble the Chief Justice of India the same is dealt with in accordance with the guidelines framed for the purpose.If a petition is received from the jail or in any other criminal matter if the accused is unrepresented then an Advocate is appointed as amicus curiae by the Court to defend and argue the case of the accused. In civil matters also the Court can appoint an Advocate as amicus curiae if it thinks it necessary in case of an unrepresented party the Court can also appoint amicus curiae in any matter of general public importance or in which the interest of the public at large is in volved.As in case of Kasab, A remove of justices Aftab Alam and C K Prasad dismissed 25-year-old Kasabs plea against his conviction and death sentence confirmed by the Bombay high court, saying he was given free-0and fair trial in the case. Kasabs confessional statement was very much voluntary except a very small portion, the bench held.It also dismissed Kasabs leaning that the trial was not fair because the government did notprovide-1 him advocate during the time when he was arrested and put on trial.The apex court said the trial court had made repeated attempts o provide Kasab with a lawyer but he had spurned the offer initially and said he did not want to use up Indian lawyers. The judges said that in the totality of facts, evidences and circumstances the court had no option but to impose death sentence on Kasab. The bench also observed that going by the evidence, it was clear that the conspiracy and planning of the 26/11 attack was hatched in Pakistan.The High Court stands at the head of a States judicial administration. There are 18 High Courts in the country, three having jurisdiction over more than one State. Among the Union Territories Delhi alone has a High Court of its own. Other six Union Territories come under the jurisdiction of different State High Courts. individually High Court comprises of a Chief Justice and such other Judges as the President may, from time to time, appoint.The Chief Justice of a High Court is appointed by the President in consultation with the Chief Justice of India and the Governor of the State. The procedure for appointing Judges is the same except that the Chief Justice of the High Court concerned is also consulted. They hold office until the age of 62 years and are removable in the same manner as a Judge of the Supreme Court. To be eligible for appointment as a Judge one must be a citizen of India and have held a judicial office in India for ten years or must have practised as an Adovcate of a High Court or two or mo re such Courts in succession for a similar period.Each High Court has power to issue to any person within its jurisdiction directions, orders, or writs including writs which are in the nature of habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, quo warranto and certiorari for enforcement of Fundamental Rights and for any other purpose. This power may also be exercised by any High Court exercising jurisdiction in relation to territories within which the cause of action, wholly or in part, arises for exercise of such power, notwithstanding that the shoes of such Government or authority or residence of such person is not within those territories.Each High Court has powers of superintendence over all Courts within its jurisdiction. It can call for returns from such Courts, make and issue general rules and prescribe counterfeits to regulate their practice and proceedings and determine the manner and form in which book entries and accounts shall be kept.

Bovine Growth Hormones

In the last century there has been a lot of increased research in science which has greatly influenced our daily life. Introduction of refreshed technologies like the recombinant DNA technology has led to red-hot developments in the agricultural, pharmaceutical and molecular biology. It is possible to produce proteins in organisms where they are not originally produced through recombinant DNA technology. A gene sequence is incorporated in an organism capable of reproducing fast to allow product of freehanded volumes of the protein for example bacteria.Hormones like insulin are produced this way while others that have a lot of influence in the physiological functions on humans and animals are produced synthetically for example Bovine hormone which is given to dairy overawe in order to increase milk production. Bovine Growth Hormone The pituitary glands of awe naturally produce the hormone bovine somatotropin (bST) that is responsible for production of milk in cows. Some of the bST hormone reaches the liver while in circulation and stimulates production of insulin like growth factor one (IGF-1).Combination of these two hormones leads to increased degradation of fats for energy and also prevents mammary glands cell death. The increased fat degradation is panorama to be reason behind increased milk production. Due to advancement in science it was made possible to synthetically produce this hormone by recombinant DNA technology. The Recombinant Bovine Growth Hormone (rBGH) which was the first genetically engineered animal drug produced by Monsanto in 1994 which is one of the largest biotechnology companies in the world.The hormone is injected to the cows even when the produce enough bovine somatotropin which puts the animal at risk because two hormones with the same purpose will be involved. Introduction of this hormone to dairy farmers was faced with a lot of controversy because it was shown to have health hazards to human beings who take milk from cows in jected with this hormone. Monsanto went ahead to introduce the rBGH though with a lot of opposition from farmers and the public.This hormone was shown to increase reproduction of cows by about 25%. In the process the health and reproduction of the cows decreases from the core of the rBGH. It was criticized by many industrialized nations because they thought that it would cause negative effects on humans. It was later proved that this hormone had drastic effects on cows and also on humans. Independent research was done by organizations like the consumers union, cancer prevention coalition and other international governments like the Canadian government.All these organizations open out that milk from a cow injected with rBGH hormone contained high amounts of potent cancer tumor promoter IGF-1 and could also be absorbed through the gastro enteric tract thereby leading to immunological effects . Absorption of this hormone to the body also influences cancer accelerating hormone Insuli n like Growth Factor 1(IGF-1) that leads to aberrant growth of cells (malignant cells) which causes the major cancers like breast and prostrate cancers.. Monsanto had attempted to cover up all these negative effects on humans and cows.This was facilitated by the US Environmental Protection Agency and Department of Agriculture who went ahead licensing the rBGH and other genetically engineered organisms without the necessary safety test. Some of the journalist from Fox company who tested to air the Monsanto story fairly and honestly. The journalist had reported about the rBGH hormone and the possible health hazards to people who take milk and beef from cows injected with this hormone. were dismiss from the broadcasting company without any definite reasons.It was therefore evident that Monsanto was out to make huge profits without concern if their products were safe enough to be utilised in animals and the subsequent shift to humans through milk and beef. Conclusion The increased pr ovision of funds for research has led to more discoveries and development of new scientific products. However, whenever a new product is developed it is the responsibility of developer to carry out critical safety tests to avoid endangering the lives of many people. Each and every proficient innovation has its advantages and disadvantages.Once a new product is introduced all the pros and cons of that product should be addressed accordingly. It is also the responsibility of each state to ensure that all new products developed in that state are safe and should not hesitate to take legal actions if the product is capable of threatening life. References Nina, R. Food safety a reference handbook. 2nd Edition. ABC-CLIO, 2007 Lisa, N. science and social context the regulation of recombinant bovine growth hormone in North America. McGill- Queens PressMQUP, 2002. Bernice, Z. Issues and quandary of Biotechnology a reference guide. 2nd edition. Greenwood Publishing Group, 1999.

Personal Experience Speech Essay

General Purpose To informSpecific Purpose To let the audience know how I dealt with losing my develop to drugs.Central Idea My mother was raised by drug addict and alcoholic, left Israel for better life and still followed down the scathe path.INTRODUCTIONI. Attention MaterialA. Do you know anyone who has lost their loved ones to drugs?B. Eight years agone I lost my mother to a long battle with drugs.II. Orienting MaterialA. There argon more than 22 million Americans ages 12 and older addicted to drugs.B. When I lost my mother it not alone affected my life but the lives of the people that surrounded us.BODYI. My mother was abandoned by her mother Israel.A.My mom tried to get a better life but drugs too powerful.B. My granny died year before I was born, my mom died year before my daughter born. II. I tried to inspection and repair my mom the best I could.A. There are many programs available for addicts and the people who are affected.B. Be willing to let them know you love and su pport them.CONCLUSIONI. SummaryA. Drugs affect not only the user but the people surrounding them.B. When answering an addict you have to be willing to help them and not treat them as a child. They have a real problem.II. ClincherA. I continuously knew I would lose my mother one day but not as soon as I did.B. I pray every day that no one has to encounter the loss that my family has. My family is a blessing and so was my mother.

Leadership qualities Essay

This root talks about taste in specific in ally psychometric examination that is employ by employers in screening employees in the pickax exploit at organizations. After a brief introduction to what psychometric is all about, it analyzes critically this method of choosing employees with respect also the disadvantages and advantages of this face of testing. The paper then concludes itself with discussion of the growth of psychometric testing in resemblance to its advantage actors leading on to the final concluding paragraph. INTRODUCTION Psychometric testing is being apply for decades this instant, changing its forms while take up technological improvements.It is used as an essential element in the screening of employees at the workplace to t here(predicate)by increase work potentness in harm of selection of the right keisterdidate for the right job. not only in the selection process, but this type of testing is also used in early(a) argonas namely, promotion, bree ding, advisory services in terms of Human Resource management, planning and development. Psychometric testing is used as a tool for deciding upon the winning qualities of employees to get a better understanding of which employee to supercharge develop upon and how, and which to spend different training resources on and so forthThis type of testing basically uses questionnaires that argon made by professional test makers who also undertake abbreviation of the consequents with the friend of an organizational psychologist. The verdict/s r apieceed thereby is then considered final and exact to a great extent. Psychometric tests m separate been categorize into Ability tests, Motivation tests, Attitude and perception, Projective techniques (TAT), Personality inventories, Organizational climate surveys, Employee satisfaction surveys etc. (TVRLS, 2006)Psychometrics is the compass of study belonging to the zone of psychometric testing, and is used as an indicator of invoicement of abilities, attitude, perception, skills, nature traits including team up playing, leadership qualities etc. The two major components of this type of study atomic number 18 Construction of the method or procedure in testing and improving upon the qualities of the test in terms of abridgment and judgment (Golombok, n. d. ). in that respect argon galore(postnominal) other fields of study that atomic number 18 pertinent directly or indirectly to this type of testing.Firstly, there is the classical test theory (CTT) and item response theory (IRT). There is also the Rasch model that aims at the requirements when measuring educational and work indicators in terms of physical sciences. Secondly, in relation to correlation and finding out variation in the results there be mevery techniques including factor analysis, three-dimensional scaling, info clustering, structural equation modelling, and path analysis. These few methods aim at finding out what data easily fits into the popul ation that is being tested finished a sample and how.(Hogan, 2006) Screening techniques in firms and organizations could slog from traditional manual elusioning of applications to sophisticated wont of psychometrics. Recruiters immensely make use of online resources or assistance search for criteria important in measuring the toleratedidates qualification (Suff, 2005). Psychometric tests undertake the study of assessment in terms of psychological assessment of individual with respect to five criteria that separately test possesses. These are rigorousness placards what the test is supposed or has been designed to mea sure enough Reli tycoon the results in the end are in line with the research that was taken and go forthing not change if the test is undertaken a attain keeping trusted factors constant Standardisation the instruments used in the test, timing, instructions, test items, scoring techniques are all same for each candidate Objectivity there is no deterring o f results due to biases caused by subjective decisions or favouritism etc. There should indeed be no variation in scores according to these criteria. Differentiation tests that have been undertaken have been designed to account for differences and the results should show no effect of the candidates personal traits and facts similar ethnicity, religion, gender etc. (unless the test aims to measure these as a factor). (Dent & Curd, 2004) CRITICAL ANALYSIS The question that arises straightaway is about the significance of these tests in our lives revolving around the workplace and in specific the corporate world. Psychometric testing is utilitarian, yes but how can it be used, as a measure of success in employee selection, is the most(prenominal) important pointer here.Psychometric tests are used in assisting with the selection process to champion predict incoming employee executing and hence to help in planning out the desired outcomes against these predictions. These tests are economical and efficient, and facilitate the test conferrers in the attainment of information quickly while cutting down on the bills cost also. They are not prone to subjectivity biases when they are objective and hence aid in increasing fairness in decision-making.Apart from finding out the right person for the right job, these tests help recognize development packs, increase motivation and coif stress factors for employees which have a negative wedge on their productivity levels if not removed or minimized. (Dent & Curd, 2004) Psychometric tests have evolved from the need to examine ability and resulting output in work situations. The two types of psychometric tests when broadly put, these being As a measure of ability, verbal or numerical reasoning and as a measure of personality traits and work situations, and what leads to the localise or the best fit.Analysing the usage of tests carries utmost importance when it comes specifically to the choice in terms of what test is to be used in a given situation. This requires deep analysis of the kind of job at hand and then testing candidates to determine the kind of traits needed for that job. On measuring job performance the formula that needs to be remembered is skills + attitude + process + knowledge = Success However useful this line of reasoning holds for psychometric tests, their validity and usage, as a tool in selection of employees is considered controversial also.The difficulty here lies in the fact that commonwealth who are being testes sometimes do not give their confessedly answers and get prone to achievement of success with the formula given above, except that the attitudes, skills etc might just be their ideal states in their minds and not something that exists within them in real. This lying on the tests and hiding true sum of their traits makes accurate judgments difficult and hinders the attainment of absolute fairness in decision-making.And this is also when frequently, psychometri c tests are feel out to be not useful and prone to inaccurate collection of data and information. Hence in m either organizations, the usefulness of these tests stay limited and is only to the extent of informing about the decision and not actually making it. Therefore, no matter how glittery the success formula looks, the inefficiency prone to this testing can exempt an organization of valu equal to(p) employees (those who had most probably not lied on the test). (Farrington, 2007)The ethical use of psychometric tests is also another factor that requires discussion in terms of a critical analysis of this root under dissertation. It is highly essential that the information used by these tests is relevant to the purpose do study, is accurate and does not probe too a great deal into the personal lives of the candidates so as to stay away from usurpation of their privacy. The test should undertake the testers competence, procedures and techniques used, and the client welfare to make sure that these guidelines corresponding to each is followed. The test users must be adequately qualified and trained.Results should not be leaked out or interchange to any third parties or even so other candidates and should only be available to the test takers who will need it to analyse and conclude the tests. Feedback needs to be gloweringered to the people who have taken the test or the candidates to counter any negative effects of the test that was left on them. These tests should not discriminate against gender, run or ethnicity and even disability and age. All test materials need to be secured completely to ward make any unauthorized access to the information furnishd by these tests.A few of the common tests that are present, measure ability, aptitude, personality, interpersonal skills and relationship awareness etc. (Dent & Curd, 2004) With respect to the five criteria mentioned earlier, a study showed that where selection, assessment and training are concerned, cognitive ability tests and work samples were found out to be most valid. Also, the results of this study showed that interviews were most practical. Results from tests involving knowledge assessment, personality tests involving motivation, satisfaction etc showed that these were most popular with prospective employers.(Mok et al, 2008) CASES FOR PSYCHOMETRIC TESTS Psychometric testing earmarks organizations and any test givers a very commanding way of guaranteeing the selection and usage of the best candidates through their extreme analysis in terms of ability and preferred behavioural styles. Psychometric testing allows the pre-hiring screening becomes much(prenominal) popular because validity is a criterion that is usually always met and hence this form of testing becomes more preferred. Usually, it also includes IQ testing also along with personality test to enable the organization to gain valuable insight into the issue at hand.Time is saved, as prospective employees are able to analyse constructive things that without psychometrics would have been very hard or time consuming to learn. The HR part hence becomes a powerful unit as it realized true matching of the employees personality traits with the characteristics of the company. Financial benefits to the company have also been seen where psychometrics are involved in the process of hiring. finished the availability of technological advances like LAN and the Internet, companies are able to easily dish these tests also.Cost benefits are achieved as eventually companies in the best-case scenario able to learn which employees will stay with the company longer than the others. (Vaid, 2007) just about of the benefits provided by psychometric testing are 1. Efficiency psychometric testing improves efficiency in selection and decision-making when it comes to military man resource recruitment. Most suitable candidates are hence chosen thereby making utmost use of time, cost and efficiency. 2. More informed recruitment decisions objective information is provided by these tests to ensure the detail of an informed decision-making.3. Aid to interviews interviews do not provide all information necessary to conclude upon which candidates are best for that particular job. Hence these tests are highly useful to especially those recruiters who are not much proficient in testing or analyzing a candidate. 4. Tried and tested these tests now have been offered by many agencies that are used for outsourcing these tests by companies. Also, companies themselves now use many different psychometric tests in the selection process today. 5.Business needs these tests are in direct relation with the needs of human resource of organizations, and hence fit perfectly to the purpose of these organizations 6. Potential of an individual an individuals skills and attitudes along with perceptions are thoroughly weighed through these tests that are not provided by interviews as such. 7. For all levels of staff these tests are even more helpful since they are appropriate enough to be used at all levels in the organization. 8. Easy to understand these tests are easy to understand, as their language is unproblematic and simple.They also hence are not prone to discrimination against ethnicity, language or region when they follow the five effective criteria of testing as mentioned earlier in this paper. (Psychometric examen, n. d. ) 9. Job profiling this can be done even before the interview takes place, so that key skills and abilities for a particular position in the organization can be further made clear before interviewing the person about it. 10. Useful information these tests help in providing useful and complete information as to how functional an employee will be in terms of performance in a particular position. (Oriel Training, n. d.) 11. Professional psychometric tests make the entire selection process look more formal and professional 12. Objectivity it adds objectivity to th e whole process. 13. Time saving utmost amount of information is collected in minimum time. 14. Flexibility due to the use of technology, tests are administered with more flexibility. 15. Self-awareness when it comes to development of the employees, these tests can help point out the negative factors that should be erased and positive ones that need high spot and promotion. 16. Cost-effectiveness when used fittingly, they also provide cost advantages to the firm.(Vaid, 2007) CASE AGAINST PSYCHOMETRIC TESTING It is essential to make sure that the ameliorate procedure in testing is followed including the process of selection, administration, feedback and analysis. Failure on the part of the test giver to do can result in ill communication and analysis often results leading to cynicism, anger, and dissatisfaction. virtually of the disadvantages of psychometric testing are Initial training can prove to be more pricey and costly, Provision of feedback is mostly deemed essential but can waste a lot of time, Uneasiness and confrontation shown by the participants can hinder collection of true results.These tests need to be paired with some other form of assessment because complete reliance on them can prove to be not useful at all to the company. Lying or hiding of true information about oneself can result in portrayal of a false picture to the prospective employer, leading to making of false or inaccurate decisions on his/her part (Dent & Curd, 2004). It is very difficult for an untrained eye to find out which is the correct psychometric test to use and employ, due to the high availability of various types of tests in the market.This involved correct decision in terms of choosing the right test for that organization because if this is not done then the results will not be relevant to the organization and the issue at hand. There are many cases where people administering these tests are not qualified or have not been trained enough to correctly administer these tests, hence it is imperative that in order to get the maximum out of these tests, organizational psychology courses need to be offered for training of these test administrators.It should also be understood that these tests provide results that are not snow percent valid and reliable, so as to not take the effect of many external factors can result in large negative consequences to the organization which is often the case. (Team Focus, 2004) SUCCESS FACTORS Many managers do not make good interviewer and this is where again psychometric testing comes in handy. Studies have shown that many managers and interviewers focus on their gut feeling when it comes to hiring employees. Also, another important factor that they use is the candidates ability through his skills attained at School/ College etc.This is information one can easily read off and understand through the Curriculum Vitae of that candidate. The success factor of psychometric testing comes in our discussion when we say that the question about whether a candidate is behaviourally fit in an organization is something whose answer lies in the analysis undertaken through psychometric testing. In other words, how well an employee according to psychometrics will be able to match his personality traits with characteristics of the organization and how this will impact his performance inside the organization henceforth. (Lievens & Peeters, 2008)One type of psychometric test here exactly important to this kind of testing is the McQuaig System test which helps in outlining a behavioural profile of an employee with respect to the open position that candidate is applying for. Another success factor very essential to organizational development, is the basic fact that this outline can then be used to erase out the subjectivity biases attached to gut feeling and help make out a prediction that is dependent on the technical ability of the candidates behavioural personality. There are various reasons for growth in the u sage of psychometrics in the selection process.A few of these are 1. Especially when they are hiring employees legal obligations and regulations are met through the use of psychometric tests as they are now being awarded a status that is obligatory to follow and be used by organizations. 2. Test results are now found to be more useful than before because they have been in use for years now. The varied political and cultural state of affairs that pertain to an organization has changed. Also, there has been a shift in the climate of these organizations, which have become more varied in terms of diversity in religions, cultures, ethnicity and so on.Tests hence when effectively designed and made help take these factors into account also. Equal employment opportunity is hence offered immensely well in most cases. 3. The costs of testing have change magnitude significantly because of the improved and increased use of Internet among many other technological advances. Computer establish t esting allows for flexibility, ease and quickness in adding up scores and summing up data probing organizations to indulge when more in such testing procedures 4. Human Resource policies are more formally and appropriately designed now to take into account a once much ignored resource- human resource.5. Tests provide up-to-date information and when employing older employees, this becomes essential because then school qualification would prove to be outdated mostly. 6. Large organizations can use these tests to screen large number of applicants, who without the use of these tests and other computer found tests, would be almost humanly impossible to accomplish. (Psychometric success, n. d. ) CONCLUSION The use of tests, in particular those involving psychological analysis are here to stay as can be seen from their wide usage and growing popularity.It remains however the duty of the employers to ensure that they remain professional, ethical, valid and reliable. Training is an essent ial component o the success of the usage of these tests in an organization to better analyze and understand the results depicted by these tests. Employers while childbed the administration of these tests need to take a few things in perspective.They should be clear about what they are measuring, what is the audience like, make sure that it is not indiscriminate towards any class etc., ensure proper training, provide adequate feedback, and also guarantee confidentiality of information, so that effectives can be reached along with success in usage of these tests. Effectiveness, all in all depends directly on giving importance to these factors just discussed so that any form of psychometric analysis is made productive. (Dent, & Curd, 2004) Bibliography Golombok, S. (n. d. ) Modern Psychometrics The Science of Psychological Assessment. International program library of Psychology Hogan, T. (2006) Psychometric Testing A practical introduction. Wiley. Dent, F. and Curd, J.(2004)Psychomet ric tests an overview of an increasingly complex world Internet operational from http//www. ashridge. org. uk/Website/IC. nsf/wFARATT/Psychometric%20Tests%20An%20Overview%20of%20an%20Increasingly%20Complex%20World/$File/PsychometricTest. pdf Accessed 19 December, 2008 Farrington, J. (2007)Psychometric Tests and Professional Salespeople- unhappy bedfellows Internet acquirable from http//www. greatmanagement. org/articles/57/1/-Psychometric-Tests-And-Professional-SalespeopleUnhappy-Bedfellows/Page1. hypertext mark-up language Accessed 19 December, 2008 Lievens, F.and Peeters, H. (2008) Impact of elaboration on responding to situational judgment test items Online Library getable from International Journal of alternative and Assessment. Dec2008, Vol. 16 Issue 4, p345-355 Mok, C. Wong, A. Lam, W. Baum, L. Ho, K. and Wong, L. (2008) A case-controlled study of cognitive progression in Chinese lacunar stroke patients Online Library Available from Clinical Neurology & Neurosurgery. Jul2008, Vol. 110 Issue 7, p649-656 Oriel Training (n. d. ) Key benefits of psychometric testing Internet Available from http//www. orieltrain.com/KeyBenefitsofPsychometricTesting. htm Accessed 19 December, 2008 Psychometric success (n. d. ) The growth of psychometric testing Internet available from http//www. psychometric-success. com/psychometric-tests/psychometric-tests-advantages. htm Accessed 19 December, 2008 Psychometric Testing (n. d. ) Exciting features Internet Available from http//www. excitingfutures. com/psychometrictesting. htm Accessed 19 December, 2008 Suff, R. (2005) First-line Filter Online Library Available from IRS Employment Review from IRS Employment Review 12/16/2005 Issue 837, p44-48Team Focus (2004) Disadvantages of psychometric testing Internet Available from http//www. teamfocus. co. uk/disadvantages_of_psychometric_testing. htm Accessed 19 December, 2008 TVRLS (2006) Psychometric testing and climate surveys Internet Available from http//www. tvrls. com/p sychometric_testing_and_climate_surveys. html Accessed 19 December, 2008 Vaid, R. (2007) Advantages of Psychometric testing Internet Available from HRD Test Products from http//smarthiring. com/articles/articles/6/1/Advantages-of-Psychometric-Testing/Page1. html Accessed 19 December, 2008