Affirmative Action misc3 essays

Affirmative Action misc3 essays Affirmative action is described as the term meant taking appropriate steps to eradicate the then widespread practices of racial, religious, and ethnic discrimination. The history of affirmative action starts a long time before this definition was stated during the early 1960's. It starts back to the Declaration of Independence where it states all men are created equal. It moves toward the Emancipation Proclamation, the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments which involved the freeing of slaves, abolishing slavery, conferred citizenship on all persons born in the United States, and guaranteeing voting rights to all citizens. There were also many court cases that helped move forth into affirmative action. A few examples would be Buchanan v. Warley, Plessy v. Ferguson, and Brown v. Board of Education. The latter court case was a real firestorm over affirmative action, which ruled that all local, state, and federal laws that enforced segregation in education was striked down. President John F. Kennedy first used the phrase "Affirmative Action" when he issued Executive Order 10952. This order created the Equal Opportunity Commission or the EEOC and contractors on projects financed with federal funds to "take affirmative action to ensure that applicants are employed, ant employees are treated during their employment without regard to race, creed, color, or national origin." President Kennedy also pushed for more legislation but was not alive to see it go through. Proceeding Kennedy, Lyndon B. Johnson took over the fight and pushed for the passing of Civil Rights Act of 1964, which barred discrimination in the variety of private and public settings. It included prohibiting discrimination in private facilities, outlawed discrimination in federally-funded-programs, and prohibited discrimination by both private and public employers and so forth. Still under Johnson's control, the Executive Order 11246, placed the responsibility for a...

Invisible Man Essays - Invisible Man, Brotherhood, Paint Factory

Invisible Man Essays - Invisible Man, Brotherhood, Paint Factory Invisible Man 1. In the Emerson's paint factory, the narrator first gets a job adding dope to bad paint and then is sent to work down in the basement of a building, where the oils for the paint are produced. The then gets into a fight with his foreman, and neglects his job of watching pressure gauges. His neglecting causes an explosion at Emerson's Paint factory and he is injured in the blast, and has to be taken to the hospital. 2. Brother Jack was the leader of the Brother hood. He was the one who sought out the narrator to become part of the Brotherhood. Tod Clifton was the youth leader of the Brotherhood. Tod was black and a handsum man, who lead the youth section of the Brotherhood, but in the end he betrayed the Brotherhood. Ras the Exhorter was a man against the Brotherhood. He wanted black versus white hate and was opposed to all the Brotherhood was up to. Sybil was a women in the Brotherhood, who was married. The narrator wanted to suduce her to find out what she knew, but she turned out to know nothing at all. 3. The symbolic significance of Mary's cast-iron coin bank is of what black people stand for to white people. The coin bank made the narrator angry, because it was symbolic of blacks, being slaves to white people, and how some white people though of black people as entertainment, and were not actually people but where just animals. 4. I believe that the narrator was unnamed for two reasons. One being that most of the novel was a flash back to things that had happened and he was explaining about himself, and we didn't need to know his name since we knew so much about him. Secondly because of the title of the book Invisible being mysterious, and to follow that the author decided not to tell the readers the narrators name to follow the mystery of the title. 5. The Brotherhood was an organization of people who believed in total unity of all of the races. Their purpose was to organize together as brothers and make every one of all nationalities and colors be in peace with each other, to respect every race as friends, as brothers.

Issues in Global Political Economy Research Paper

Issues in Global Political Economy - Research Paper Example As the research stresses natural resource abundance hinders economic growth. Many countries in African have plenty of natural resources such as gold, oil, and copper among many others. More than two-thirds of their products moving outside the country are natural resources, and yet these nations are poor and politically unstable. The countries depend on foreign investors for their economic feasibility. As the paper discusses some countries rich in oil minerals such as Iran, Kuwait, and Libya experienced slow growth in the last several decades. Moreover, members of the OPEC, in general, experience a fall in the GNP per capita whereas states not rich in minerals enjoyed a growth in their GNP per capita. South Africa went through a period of de-industrialization and a disappointing economic growth in the 1970's during the boom in gold prices. Several factors led the effects key of them being that the real exchange rate appreciated, and depreciation followed after that. The world saw a shift in making of cocoa paste from countries such as Peru and Venezuela to Colombia after the disruption of the air bridge. Consequently, a booming demand for Colombian coca was experienced, and many people in Columbia became self-employed, and teenagers in the rural areas got work to do. Although, the boom had economic spillover effects as well as financial opportunities it marked the beginning of viol ence and conflicts in major cities.

Chloride Concentration in South Florida Canal Essay

Chloride Concentration in South Florida Canal - Essay Example The Florida canals are located in South Florida is occupies a relatively low-lying highly carbonate area in terms of the topographical dimension. The area receives a relative relief rainfall pattern and the rainfall distribution is 10mm over 100 Km range. South Florida lies mainly on bedrock whose composition was mainly carbonated material, which was formed over one twenty years ago. The South Florida canals are mainly wetlands forming a critical component of the ecosystem. The increasing levels of chlorine and other chemicals in the canal is a major concern for the government and researchers in general (Gleason 165). Agricultural, household and industrial activities contribute a lot to the increasing levels of chemicals in the canal over the last one hundred years. The quality of water bodies in the Florida canal is deteriorating because of several factors such anthropologic activities, wetlands eutrophication and methylmercury pollution in the canal. Eutrophication is mainly caused by high levels of phosphoric materials from the industries. Marine life in the canal is deteriorating as a result of methylmercury pollution from industrial activities (F. McPherson 59). Moreover, the rate at which the wetlands dry is increasing as due to anthropogenic activities in the Florida canals. This affects the effectiveness at which water flows into the canal that is a big blow to the ecosystem balance. This research, however, focuses on determining the levels or concentration of chloride in the Florida canals.

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 170

Assignment Example Its Canadian culture has led to loyalty of its customers, strategy that has made it difficult for other coffee houses such as Starbucks to make it in the Canadian Market. Tim Horton’s culture has been able to adapt more in its local market as compared to international markets. The main reason for its adaptation strategies is the ethics of its culture locally leading to customer preference and loyalty. According to research, it has the largest customer share in Canada despite the entry of other giant rivals such as Starbucks and Burgerking. Starbucks, on the other hand, is a coffeehouse chain based in America with its headquarters in Washington. The largest share of its market is found in the United States where its corporate culture has grown strong since its foundation in the late 1970s. Its capital and asset accumulation has led to its international infiltration in markets from all continents. It has also made entries in the Canadian market where it has faced competition from Tim Hortons. Its ethics and customer relations have led to sales acceptance and sales in most international markets where customers are after its trademark. Starbucks has also been involved in environmental projects such as recycling leading to improvements in its corporate culture. Starbucks is the better performer depending on its capital accumulation and market share. Tim Hortons only has its markets in the U.S, Persian Gulf and Canada while Starbucks has expanded to all continents with over 13,000 units worldwide. Its wide variety of products has led to an increase in sales unlike Tim Hortons that has not diversified its products. However, Tim Hortons merger with Burgerking will lead to accumulation of capital that may lead to its expansion and increased performance. Conclusion on the best performer has been based on assets, capital accumulation and market share. Starbucks has higher

Computer Vision In Bad Weather.

Computer Vision In Bad Weather. Saswati Rakshit Aim: To take advantage of bad weather in estimation of depth of a scene from its image. As in bad weather atmosphere modulates original information of an image to the observer so based on observation,we develop model methods for recovering scene properties(e.g. 3D structure,depth etc). Scope/Application: Computer Vision is widely used in various fields now a days. It is used in Optical character recognition: Technology to convert scanned docs to text  Face detection,Smile detection: Many new digital cameras now detect faces and smiles. surveillance and traffic monitoring. Image to a 3D model : turning a collection of photographs into a 3D model Google Self driving Car uses computer vision for distance estimation Introduction : Vision and Atmosphere: Normally in good weather we assume reflected light passes through air without attenuation.so it is assumed brightness of an image point in the scene will be same.But due to atmospheric scattering,absorption and emission light intensity and color are altered. Here our main consideration is on scattering. Bad weather(Particles in space):- weather condition differ in type and size of particles and their concentration. Air (molecule): scattering due to air is minimal Haze (aerosol): haze is certain to effect visibility. Fog (water droplet): Fog and haze has similar origins.but haze extends to altitude of several miles while fog is few hundred feet thick. Cloud is present in high altitude. Rain and snow both effects in image. Here our main consideration is on haze and fog because they appear in low altitude as compared to cloud. Mechanisms of atmospheric scattering Scattering is dependent on particle size and shape.small particles scatter equally in forward and backward,medium size particle scatters more in forward direction and large particle scatters all in forward direction. In nature particles are separated from each other so they scatter independently.i.e. do not interfere others.but In multiple scattering a particle is exposed not only incident light but also light scattered by other particles. Single scattering function can be written as follows I(Ó ¨,ÃŽ »)=E(ÃŽ »).ÃŽ ²(Ó ¨,ÃŽ ») (1) Where E(ÃŽ ») is total incident flux on the volume per unit cross section area I(Ó ¨,ÃŽ ») is flux radiated per unit solid angle per unit volume of medium and ÃŽ ²(Ó ¨,ÃŽ ») is the angular scattering coefficient Objectives: To identify effects caused by bad weather that can be turned to our advantages.understanding attenuation and airlight model that is helpful to measure depth maps of scenes without making assumption about scene properties or the atmospheric conditions. System flow: Here our main goal is to estimate depth and forming 3D of a scene in bad weather condition. For this purpose we used Two different scattering model 1) Attenuation model 2) Airlight model Now first we have used attenuation model and In this model image is taken at night.so environmental illumination are minimal. To estimate depth of light sources in the scene from two images taken under different atmospheric conditions. And applying different mathematical formula used in attenuation model we can compute relative depth of all sources in the scene from two images taken under two different weather condition. Next to work with airlight model we need images in day or when environmental illumination can not be ignored.that is image of a scene is effected by airlight. After selecting the 2D image we apply mathematical formulas of airlight model and comparing the intensity of scene point depth can be easily measured an 3D reconstruction of that scene is also possible. Mathmatics And Description: Attenuation Model We know that beam of light that travels through atmosphere can be attenuated by scattering.and the radiance(intensity) decreases if pathlength increases. Attenuation model developed by McCartney is summarized below If a beam passing through a small sheet(medium) of thickness dx, intensity scattered by the sheet can be written as follows I(Ó ¨,ÃŽ »)=E(ÃŽ »).ÃŽ ²(Ó ¨,ÃŽ ») dx [it represents scattering in Ó ¨ direction] Now total flux scattered in all direction is obtained by integrating over entire spherical sheet φ(ÃŽ »)=E(ÃŽ »).ÃŽ ²(ÃŽ ») dx -(2) fractional change in irradiance at location x can be written as follows: -(3) By integrating both side of eqn(3) between limits x=0 and x=d we get E(d,)= -(4) Where I0(ÃŽ ») is the intensity of the point source and d is the distance between object and observer’ Sometimes attenuation due to scattering can be expressed in terms of optical thickness which is T= [here is constant over horizontal path] Here eqn (4) gives direct transmission which we get after removing scattered flux. Airlight Model Here atmosphere behaves as source of light.environmental illumination has several light sources including direct sunlight,diffuse skylight and light reflected by the ground.In airlight model light intensity increases with pathlength and so apparent brightness increases. If the object is in infinite distance the radiance of airlight is maximum and radiance of airlight for an object right in front of the observer is zero. To describe the geometry of that model,first we need to consider environmental illumination along the observer’s line of sight is assumed to be constant but direction and intensity is unknown. Let the cone of solid angle dω subtended by a receptor at observer end.and truncated by the object at distance d. This cone between observer and object scatters environmental illumination in the direction of observer.so it acts as airlight(source of light) whose brightness increases with pathlength. So the small volume dV at distance x from observer is dV= dω x2 dx Now the intensity of light incident on dV is dI(x,)= dV k = dω x2 dx k †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦(5) now light scatters in dV.so irradiance it produces at observer end is dE(x,) = †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.(6) [also given in eqn (4)] Now we can find radiance of dV from its irradiance as: dL(x,) = = †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..(7) by substituting (5) we get, dL(x,)= now we will find total radiance of pathlength d from observer to object by integrating the above expression between x=0 to x=d L(d,)= k (1-) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.(8) If d =∞ the radiance of airlight is maximum L(∞,=k So , L(d,)= L(∞, (1-) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦(9) Estimation of depth using Attenuation Model: In this model image is taken at night.so environmental illumination are minimal and so airlight model is not chosen.At night bright points of image are normally street light,windows of lit rooms.In clear night these light sources are visible to observer in brightest and clearest form but in bad weather condition the intensity diminish due to attenuation. Our goal is to estimate depth of light sources in the scene from two images taken under different atmospheric conditions. Here image irradiance can be written using eqn(4) as: E(d,)= g (10) [g is optical parameters of camera] If the detector of the camera has spectral response s(ÃŽ »),he final image brightness value is E/== (11) We know spectral bandwidth of camera is limited so we can assume as constant. And we can write, E/=g=g I/ (12) Now if we take image in two different weather condition i.e. in mild and dense fog then there will be two different scattering coefficient. Let it will be ÃŽ ²1 and ÃŽ ²2.now if we take ratio of two resulting image brightness we get R== -(13) Using natural log R/=ln R= †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..(14) This ratio is independent of camera sensor gain and intensity of source. In fact it is only difference in optical thickness(DOT) of the source for two weather conditions. Now if we compute the DOT of two different light source and take the ratio we determine relative depths of two source locations So we can write, = †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.(15) Since we may not entirely trust the DOT computed for any single source.so above calculation can be made more robust = †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..(16) [here we assume to find the intensity of a single source pi,which is at distance di from observer.so to calculate its relative depth from other sources we need to compute depth of all sources of the scene upto a scale factor] The main goal of using this model is to compute relative depth of all sources in the scene from two images taken under two different weather condition. Estimation of depth using Airlight Model: At noon or daytime in dense haze or fog or mild fog most visible scene points are not illuminated and airlight effects.airlight causes intensity to increase when distance increases. Here we consider a single airlight image and try to compute 3d scene structure by measuring depth cues. Let,a scene point is at distance d and produce airlight radiance L(d,).if our camera has spectral response S( The brightness value of that scene point is: E/(d)= †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.(17) Substituting it by eqn (9),we get E/(d)= †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦(18) If is constant we can write, E/(d)= †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦(19) Now Let, S= †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦(20) By substituting eqn(19) at eqn (20),and taking natural logarithm we can write, S/= ln S = -ÃŽ ²d †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦(21) Here S/ is scale factor and a 3D structure of scene can be recovered upto this scale factor The part of horizon in the image which has intensity will be the brightest region of the image.(sky background) Future work:Next we will understand and discuss about Dichromatic Atmospheric Scattering and structure from Chromatic Decomposition. References: http://www.canberra.edu.au/irps/archives/vol21no1/blbalaw.html (Accessed on 20.04.2015) Narasimhan, S. G., Nayar, S. K., â€Å"Vision and the Atmosphere†, International Journal of Computer Vision, vol. 48(3), pp. 233–254, 2002. Allard’s Law, http://eilv.cie.co.at/term/34. (Accessed on 18.03.2015) Relation between Radiance and Irradiance, 2013, http://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/68353/relation-between-radiance-and-irradiance. (Accessed on 18.03.2015) Radiaometry and Photometry, http://electron6.phys.utk.edu/optics421/modules/m4/radiometry.htm (Accessed on 28.03.2015

Reviewing the Homepage of Prestons Website :: Prestons Websites Showrooms Essays

Reviewing the Homepage of Preston's Website In the following report I will be reviewing the homepage of Prestons website, www.Prestons.co.uk. Prestons is a showroom situated in Colne, who deals with cars such as BMW and MINI. I will be explaining the content, layout and purpose of this webpage, and any improvements which I think could enhance the current company image. Content The homepage of Prestons website consists of both images and text. The main images drawn to my attention are: a red eye to show RedMammoth who is/ are the producer (s) / designer (s) of this website. Alongside that, is a picture of one of the latest models of BMW, the BMW x5, which is silver. Due to the fact that Prestons also deals with the sales of MINI, there is a picture of a silver MINI. Prestons also deals with Hillendale Land Rover’s; this is shown on their homepage, which is illustrated with a picture of the latest model of Landrover’s which is the Range Rover Vogue. The last of the images on this webpage is a Platinum Privilege card, which represents group information. To show what each image is there is an arrow pointing to each image and besides each arrow in the font Arial, size 9.5; it says what each image is representing in grey text. Beneath each image, there is a contact number for each link which is being represented by each picture except for underneath group information. There is a symbol for a telephone next to each number. The number is in the font Arial size 12. The largest piece of text within this homepage is PrestonsGroup which is again written in Arial but size 16. The font Arial has been used all throughout this homepage. The slogan â€Å"EXCELLENCE IN EVERYTHING WE DO† is written beneath PrestonsGroup in uppercase lettering, size 12. Prestons address is shown in white size 11. The rest of the text within this page is also in white. Beneath the address written in size 12 is the email address of Prestons. There are four different columns for the different purposes of this homepage i.e. a column for BMW, a separate column for MINI etc. No particular colour scheme has been kept throughout this homepage except for the images of the cars which are all silver, and each of the four columns are coloured differently. The RedMammoth column is in red, the BMW column in light blue, the MINI column in grey, the Hillendale landrover column in green and the group information column in dark blue. In each column there is a brief note as to what each one links

Cost Sheet

We take this opportunity to thank Prof Jayesh Jain for giving us an insight , his valuable advice , timely suggestions and constant support throughout the project. We would also like to thank Mr. Raj Raut who is into the ice-cream business for the valuable information that he shared with us ,which proved to be very helpful while preparing the project ABSTRACT This project report is prepared to study the cost analysis of Amul ice cream and to formulate the cost sheet to find the per unit cost of a single Amul ice cream cup of 100 gm(fruit and nut). Our colleagues uncle also helped us in finding the various cost involved in manufacturing ice cream and we also got information from www. amulicecream. in.OVERVIEW OF ICE-CREAM INDUSTRY History:- The ice cream industry is mainly governed by the prevention of food and adulteration act (PFA)-1954 in India. The ice cream market growth picked up after de-reservation of the sector in 1997. History of Indian ice-cream industry is very old started in un-organized sector and mainly the popular product was kulfi. New technologies and freezers are the main force behind the development. Future is bright for ice-cream industry in India. Production –area:- In rural areas, kulfis / ice creams made by small / cottage industry are popular. The market for organized sector is restricted to large metropolitan cities.In small towns and villages, there are thousands of small players who produce ice- creams / kulfis in their home backyard and cater to the local market. Almost 40% of the ice creams sold in the country are consumed in the western region with Mumbai being the main market, followed by 30% in the north and 20% in the south. Industry Snapshot:- †¢ Market Size – 1200 Crores †¢ Ice Cream market is growing at 26% (yoy) Major players:- 1. Amul – Market Leader with share of 36% 2. HLL – Kwality Walls – 2nd biggest player 3. Mother Diary 4. Arun – Chennai Based Hatsun Agro Product Fe w Brands/ Target Consumers 1. Youth Centric – Chillz 2. Kids – Moo 3. Teenagers – Cornetto 4. Health Conscious – Amul Sugarfree & Pro-Life Future of Ice Cream Market in India:-Ice Cream market will expand with increase in number of malls. Also companies like – HLL has been increasing their ice cream outlets – Swirl. Few years ago consumers use to go out for walk after dinner and use to buy ice creams from hawkers. But now consumer who often visit malls for entertainment prefers to buy ice creams during different times of the day as it is visible upfront and feel like spending Rs. 50 for that tasty chocolate swirl with cake and nuts. As marketers are understanding the different needs of consumers, be it health conscious people- (Amul sugar free and pro-life ice-cream) , kids, youngsters, etc, and are coming up with products specific for them. with portfolio of flavors, consumer today has plethora of options at hand to choose from and therefor e high probability of buying one more scoop of ice cream.Also with increasing wallet size and innovative modern retail formats, it has definitely given a Philip to the ice cream industry in India. About the company Amul [pic] Gujarat Cooperative Milk Marketing Federation:- Gujarat Cooperative Milk Marketing Federation (GCMMF) is India's largest food products marketing organization. It is a state level apex body of milk cooperatives in Gujarat which aims to provide remunerative returns to the farmers and also serve the interest of consumers by providing quality products which are good value for money. Some statistics about the company:- The Turnover of Amul was Rs. 52. 55 billion in 2007-08. Members: |13 district cooperative milk producers' Union | | |2. 7 million | |No. of Producer Members: | | |No. of Village Societies: |13,141 | |Total Milk handling capacity: |10. 21 million liters per day | |Milk collection (Total – 2007-08): |2. 69 billion liters | |Milk collection (Daily Average 2007-08): |7. million liters | |Milk Drying Capacity: |626 Mts. per day | |Cattle feed manufacturing Capacity: |3090 Mts per day | AMUL –the brand:- Amul -the age old brand brand belongs to (GCMMF). AMUL means â€Å"priceless† in Sanskrit. The brand name â€Å"Amul,† comes from the Sanskrit word â€Å"Amoolya,† and was suggested by a quality control expert in Anand. Today Amul is a symbol of many things. Of high-quality products sold at reasonable prices. Of the genesis of a vast co-operative network.Of the triumph of indigenous technology. Of the marketing savvy of a farmers' organization. And of a proven model for dairy development. Various products under the brand name Amul :- Amul products have been in use in millions of homes since 1946. †¢ Amul Butter, †¢ Amul Milk Powder, †¢ Amul Ghee, †¢ Amul Cheese, †¢ Amul Chocolates, †¢ Amul Shrikhand, †¢ Amul Ice creams, †¢ Nutramul, Amul Milk and †¢ Amulya have made Amul a leading food brand in India. Some facts about the Amul ice cream:- †¢ Amul Ice Cream was launched on 10th March, 1996 in Gujarat. †¢ The portfolio consisted of impulse products like sticks, cones, cups as well as take home packs and institutional/catering packs. In 1997, Amul ice creams entered Mumbai followed by Chennai in 1998 and Kolkata and Delhi in 2002. Nationally it was rolled out across the country in 1999. †¢ Has combated competition like Walls, Mother Dairy and achieved the No 1 position in the country. This position was achieved in 2001 and it has continued to remain at the top.†¢ Today the market share of Amul ice cream is 38% share against the 9% market share of HLL, thus making it 4 times larger than its closest competitor. †¢ Amul’s entry into ice creams is regarded as successful due to the large market share it was able to capture within a short period of time – due to price differential, quality of products an d of course the brand name. Ice cream range:- Royal Treat Range – (Butterscotch, Rajbhog, Malai Kulfi †¢ Nut-o-Mania Range (Kaju Draksh, Kesar Pista Royale, Fruit Bonanza, Roasted Almond) †¢ Royal Treat Range – (Butterscotch, Rajbhog, Malai Kulfi) †¢ Nut-o-Mania Range – (Kaju Draksh, Kesar Pista Royale, Fruit Bonanza, Roasted Almond) †¢ Nature's Treat – (Alphanso Mango, Fresh Litchi, Shahi Anjir, Fresh Strawberry, Black Currant, Santra Mantra, Fresh Pineapple) †¢ Sundae Range- (Mango, Black Currant, Sundae Magic, Double Sundae) †¢ Assorted Treat – (Choco bar, Dollies, Frostik, Ice Candies, Tricone, Choco crunch, Megabite, Cassatta) †¢ Utterly Delicious – (Vanilla, Strawberry, Chocolate, Chocochips, Cake Magic) ost sheet analysis Direct Cost : | Direct materials | | | |To manufacture one ice cream cup below are the components or raw materials required with their unit cost : | Dry Fruits – 3 % Milk â⠂¬â€œ 70% Flavours – 5 % Other ingredients – 4 % Sugar – 16 % Cup – 2 % 1) Direct Labour : There are 17 workers employed in the production of the ice cream and each worker is paid Rs 2000 per month . 2) Direct Costs or expenses :The direct cost includes costs incurred in bringing the raw materials into the factory ie. Carriage inward. The raw materials are purchased every month and costs involved for carriage are Rs 1840. Indirect Costs: 1) Factory Overheads: The Factory Overheads includes the indirect labour, factory rent, insurance and depreciation on machinery, power, factory supervisor’s salary ,packing material, ware house expenses and other factory expenses. †¢ Indirect labour : This includes 3 sweepers whose average salaries are Rs. 1000 each. †¢ Insurance: The total insurance amount is Rs 15000. †¢ Break up of the total insurance amount for Machinery – 1200000 Land – 500000(1000 sq. ft. * Rs. 500 per sq. ft. ) à ¢â‚¬ ¢ Depreciation on machinery : There are 6 machines in the factory ,one machine is used for making ice creams which is Boiler and other are Refrigerators . The cost of Boiler is Rs 300000 and Refrigerators are worth of Rs. 900000. The depreciation method followed is SLM @ 7%. †¢ Power & Fuel: The monthly average cost of power consumption of the factory is Rs 42375. †¢ Supervisor’s salary : The factory has 2 supervisors and salary of each supervisor is Rs 2500. †¢ Cost of maintenance : oiling and cleaning of machinery and other miscellaneous expences for maintainance. 2) Office and administration overheads:-Office and administration overheads include office rent, salary to staff, office and general expenses, printing and stationary, telephone expenses, electricity and lightings †¢ Office rent: The per sq. ft rate of the Office is Rs 18. The area of the factory is 300 sq. ft. †¢ Salary to staff : the office staff has three employees. A peon, clerk a nd an Accountant and the salaries are Rs 800, Rs 2200 and Rs 4000 respectively. †¢ Office and general expenses: This comprise refreshments(tea and snacks). †¢ Telephone Expenses:- Calls made by the staff members. †¢ Electricity and lightings:- It consists of office lighting and air conditioning expenses. 3) Sales and distribution overheads:- Sales Commission : As a part of encouragement for sales people ,they are given commission of 2. 5 % of the total sales done by them.†¢ Discount allowed : To attract retailer to buy the product they are offered a discount of 5% on the selling price. †¢ Salary of salesmen : The company has 5 sales persons and they are paid a salary of Rs 3500 each per month. †¢ Carriage outward: To carry the finished goods to the whole sellers , the transportations charge per unit/product is set as Re 1. 24. Assumptions : †¢ The company produces only one product †¢ All raw materials consumed in production of ice cream †¢ The production and sales units are same. †¢ In Valuation of plant, the rate per square feet has been assumed at Rs. 00. †¢ We gave a discount to retailer on 450000 units on bulk purchase. SWOT ANALYSIS STRENGTHS: The amul ice-creams brand is one of the the top 3 brands . As it’s an Indian brand its popular as a family brand. Its available in all metropolitan cities and is in the reach of middleclass &above middleclass . Its available in many flavours and most of these are Indian flavours –liked by Indians. They are available in various sizes. They are available in reasonable prices. They have launched brands such as sugar free probiotic ice-creams. There are many premium varieties. It’s got good food energy value i. e calories per 100ml-196. 7. WEAKNESS:The durability of amul ice-creams is not really good, it melts very soon. It does not have many outlet centers. Not a famous brand among youngsters who are the main customers of ice-cream. OPPORTUNITI ES: They can come up with new flavours which would be able to attract the youth .They should not restrict themselves to departmental stores infact come with new luxury brands which can be available in hotels and they should come up with their own ice-cream parlours. They should focus more on their advertising and marketing strategies. They should use a strategy similar to what they used in case of butter (Utly butterly girl ). They should come up with offers for purchase of ice-cream in whole market .Offers should run all throughout the year; not only in winters. There should emphasis for special occasions. THREATS : The biggest threat for amul ice-cream industry would be its competitors. Its ranked 3rd in the Indian market . It faces tough competition from the unorganized sector as well. A slight change in the price of the ice-cream would shift its customers to another brand. Foreign players like Baskin- Robbins entering Indian market with new premium brands at feasible prices. [pi c] Bibliography www. amulicecream. in www. google. co. in Annual report of Amul Cost accounting and financial management-Ravi kishore –edition 5 ———————– THREATS OPPORTUNITIES WEAKNESS STRENGTHS

Lit Analysis of Catcher in the Rye essays

Lit Analysis of Catcher in the Rye essays J.D. Salinger has written one of the greatest coming of age novels entitled Catcher In the Rye. In the novel Holden Caulfield goes through many troubles that many teenagers can relate to. In the beginning of the novel, Holden is irresponsible and careless. Throughout the novel, he develops morals, responsibility, and love. The main character in the beginning of the novel, Holden Caulfield, is an irresponsible teenager. He is attending a private high school that he hates everything about. The school is very uptight. Holden says its the type of damn school that cares only about how good they look. So if you are failing it makes them look bad so they kick you out(CITR 11). Holden is failing out of school and he doesnt really care at all. He is also a member of the fencing team for the school. The fencing team and Holden were on the subway on the way to a game. When he got off of the subway, Holden had forgotten to take the equipment with him. Everyone on the team was mad at him, but he just thought it was funny. He has known that he is failing out of school but has not told his parents yet. He knows that his parents will over react. So he does not want to tell them. One might think that Holden does not want to do good in school. If he did do good, he would have to go into the real world and become a mature and responsible man. He does not want to become mature and responsible. He wants to stay young, irresponsible, and careless. Even though Holden is irresponsible and careless, he still acts like a gentleman around the ladies. Holden is nice, sensitive, and caring to woman. He lives in an apartment with Stradler, someone who is the exact opposite. Stradler is the stereotypical jock who is good looking and can get any girl he wants. Holden always says Damn hes handsome. He has a nice body too (CITR 21). Even t...

Free Essays on Alzheimers Copy

Alzheimer’s Disease is a brain disorder which gradually destroys the ability to reason, remember, imagine and learn. It’s different from the mild forgetfulness normally found in older people. Over the course of the disease, people with Alzheimer’s no longer recognize themselves or much about the world around them. Depression, anxiety, and paranoia often accompany these symptoms. Although there is no cure, new treatments help lessen Alzheimer’s symptoms and slow it’s progression. Alzheimer’s is marked by abnormal clumps and knots in the brain cells. For reasons not fully understood, these abnormalities tangle and take over the brain tissue and effects the area of the brain associated with intellectual function. Over four million people in the United States are living with Alzheimer’s. Slightly more women than men have Alzheimer’s disease. While the disease usually affects those over 65 years of age, a rare and aggressive form of Alzheimer’s can happen in some people in their 40’s and 50’s. Alzheimer’s disease progresses slowly, taking between three to 18 years to advance from the earliest symptoms to death; the average duration of the disease is eight years. Death does not result from the disease itself but from some secondary illness such as pneumonia or urinary tract infection. Stages of Alzheimer’s: Â · At the very beginning stages of Alzheimer’s disease it is marked by simple forgetfulness, especially of recent events or directions to familiar places and in some cases, personality changes. Â · The next stage of the disease is characterized by greater difficulty in doing things that require planning, decision making and the use of judgement. Eventually, people with Alzheimer’s can’t do simple daily tasks to live such as eating, bathing and using the toilet. They may also lack interest in personal hygiene and appearance and lose their sex drive. Th ey may have a hard time recognizing everyone except those t... Free Essays on Alzheimer's Copy Free Essays on Alzheimer's Copy Alzheimer’s Disease is a brain disorder which gradually destroys the ability to reason, remember, imagine and learn. It’s different from the mild forgetfulness normally found in older people. Over the course of the disease, people with Alzheimer’s no longer recognize themselves or much about the world around them. Depression, anxiety, and paranoia often accompany these symptoms. Although there is no cure, new treatments help lessen Alzheimer’s symptoms and slow it’s progression. Alzheimer’s is marked by abnormal clumps and knots in the brain cells. For reasons not fully understood, these abnormalities tangle and take over the brain tissue and effects the area of the brain associated with intellectual function. Over four million people in the United States are living with Alzheimer’s. Slightly more women than men have Alzheimer’s disease. While the disease usually affects those over 65 years of age, a rare and aggressive form of Alzheimer’s can happen in some people in their 40’s and 50’s. Alzheimer’s disease progresses slowly, taking between three to 18 years to advance from the earliest symptoms to death; the average duration of the disease is eight years. Death does not result from the disease itself but from some secondary illness such as pneumonia or urinary tract infection. Stages of Alzheimer’s: Â · At the very beginning stages of Alzheimer’s disease it is marked by simple forgetfulness, especially of recent events or directions to familiar places and in some cases, personality changes. Â · The next stage of the disease is characterized by greater difficulty in doing things that require planning, decision making and the use of judgement. Eventually, people with Alzheimer’s can’t do simple daily tasks to live such as eating, bathing and using the toilet. They may also lack interest in personal hygiene and appearance and lose their sex drive. Th ey may have a hard time recognizing everyone except those t...

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